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数据竞争行为的类型化重构及其规制因应
网络安全与数据治理
李佐
中南财经政法大学法学院
摘要： 面对数据市场的竞争失序，竞争法律欲实现辨证施治，需以数据竞争行为的类型化归纳为前提。传统“不正当竞争与垄断”的二分法既难以适应数据竞争行为的复杂性，也不足以回应数据治理的现实需要。基于数据生产流程，可将数据竞争行为划分为获取阶段的竞争行为与使用阶段的竞争行为两类。前者包括获取经营者数据、用户数据及拒绝数据获取；后者涵盖数据排他性使用、数据驱动型自我优待和大数据杀熟。据此，应确立包容审慎的规制理念，并在获取阶段强调数据流通，以包容促发展；在使用阶段注重权益保护，以审慎防风险。
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)：D922.29文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2025.12.010引用格式：李佐. 數(shù)據(jù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為的類(lèi)型化重構(gòu)及其規(guī)制因應(yīng)［J］.網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理，2025，44（12）：69-74,82.
The typological reconstruction of data competition behaviors and the regulatory responses
Li Zuo
School of Law, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law
Abstract： Confronting the disorder in the data market, competition law must establish a typology of data competition behaviors as a prerequisite for implementing differentiated and targeted governance. The traditional dichotomy of "unfair competition and monopoly" is illsuited to the complexity of data competition behaviors and fails to meet the practical needs of data governance. Based on the data production process, data competition behaviors can be categorized into two stages: acquisition and use. The acquisition stage includes obtaining data from businesses, collecting user data, and refusing data access. The use stage encompasses exclusive data use, datadriven selfpreferencing, and algorithmic price discrimination. Accordingly, a regulatory philosophy of tolerance and prudence should be established: emphasizing data circulation during the acquisition stage to foster development through tolerance, and prioritizing rights protection during the use stage to mitigate risks through prudence.
Key words : data competition behavior; commercial data terms; AntiUnfair Competition Law; AntiMonopoly Law

引言

當(dāng)前，我國(guó)數(shù)據(jù)要素市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)失序現(xiàn)象突出，主要表現(xiàn)為非法獲取和使用數(shù)據(jù)、拒絕數(shù)據(jù)開(kāi)放、大數(shù)據(jù)殺熟、數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)型自我優(yōu)待等行為。在數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)屬尚未明確、專(zhuān)門(mén)立法缺失的背景下，相關(guān)爭(zhēng)議多訴諸競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法解決。然而，傳統(tǒng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法發(fā)源于工業(yè)社會(huì)，面對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的新形態(tài)已顯滯后，亟待更新規(guī)則。在此過(guò)程中，類(lèi)型化梳理是構(gòu)建有效規(guī)制體系的理論前提［1］。當(dāng)前學(xué)界多聚焦于具體行為的個(gè)案分析，缺乏系統(tǒng)性歸類(lèi)；立法實(shí)踐則仍沿用“不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)—壟斷”的二分框架，難以適應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)行為的復(fù)雜性。為此，本文嘗試提出“獲取—使用”二分的數(shù)據(jù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)類(lèi)型化方案，將獲取階段行為細(xì)分為獲取經(jīng)營(yíng)者數(shù)據(jù)、獲取用戶(hù)數(shù)據(jù)與拒絕數(shù)據(jù)獲??；使用階段行為則涵蓋數(shù)據(jù)排他性使用、自我優(yōu)待與大數(shù)據(jù)殺熟，并據(jù)此提出階段性、差異化的規(guī)制思路，以期為我國(guó)數(shù)據(jù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)規(guī)則的體系化構(gòu)建提供參考。


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作者信息：

李佐

(中南財(cái)經(jīng)政法大學(xué)法學(xué)院，湖北武漢430073)


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