摘?? 要: 非接觸" title="非接觸">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式" title="非接觸式">非接觸式能量傳輸" title="能量傳輸">能量傳輸在不同的領(lǐng)域具有很好的應(yīng)用價值。闡述了非接觸式能量傳輸系統(tǒng)" title="能量傳輸系統(tǒng)">能量傳輸系統(tǒng)的組成及其基本原理,分析了影響系統(tǒng)能量傳輸效率的因素,給出了相應(yīng)的解決方案,設(shè)計出了一種非接觸式能量傳輸系統(tǒng),并且根據(jù)實際電路對非接觸能量傳輸系統(tǒng)的影響因素進行了詳細的分析。
關(guān)鍵詞: 非接觸; 能量傳輸; 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計
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??? 眾所周知,接觸式能量傳輸系統(tǒng)主要通過導(dǎo)線進行能量傳輸。在傳輸能量的過程中,由于插頭與插座的接觸摩擦而產(chǎn)生火花,這樣在有些場所(如石油、化工企業(yè))就很容易產(chǎn)生危險,甚至引起爆炸,對企業(yè)和人身造成重大傷害。由于上述問題的存在,非接觸式能量傳輸系統(tǒng)變得尤其具有吸引力。近年來,非接觸式感應(yīng)能量傳輸在許多方面都得到了應(yīng)用,例如:電動剃須刀充電、電動汽車充電、電機驅(qū)動等。非接觸式能量傳輸系統(tǒng)的主要優(yōu)點有:無接觸磨損、無接觸電阻、無火花等。
1 系統(tǒng)組成及基本原理
非接觸式能量傳輸系統(tǒng)主要應(yīng)用了電力電子技術(shù)和電磁感應(yīng)原理。系統(tǒng)通常由原邊電路、非接觸磁系統(tǒng)、副邊電路以及驅(qū)動電路組成,如圖1所示。原邊電路與副邊電路均有一塊磁芯,它們之間有一段空氣間隙,彼此通過磁場耦合聯(lián)系。原邊電路將輸入的220V交流電整流、濾波,輸出穩(wěn)定的直流電。然后再經(jīng)過控制電路的驅(qū)動,將直流電轉(zhuǎn)換成高頻的交流電,作用于原邊線圈,從而使原邊線圈產(chǎn)生磁場并通過空氣間隙將磁場能量傳遞到副邊。根據(jù)電磁感應(yīng)原理可知,副邊將產(chǎn)生交流電,對副邊采用整流、濾波后得到直流電輸出。最終,整個系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)了非接觸能量傳輸。
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2 非接觸式磁系統(tǒng)
非接觸式磁系統(tǒng)是整個能量傳輸系統(tǒng)的核心部分,主要由可分離的變壓器構(gòu)成。目前使用比較多的非接觸磁系統(tǒng)的繞線方法主要有如圖2所示的幾種形式。
? 在實際應(yīng)用中發(fā)現(xiàn),圖2(b)和圖2(d)兩種繞線方法更加合理,線圈耦合得較好,本文采用的是圖2(b)磁系統(tǒng)。但是,無論哪種形式的非接觸式磁系統(tǒng)都可以用如圖3所示的電路等價,圖中,Lh代表非接觸式磁系統(tǒng)的主電感, L1δ和L2δ代表泄露電感,R1和R2代表初、次級線圈的等效阻抗。其中,Lh、L1δ以及 L2δ可以用相應(yīng)的仿真軟件來獲得,例如FLUX2D[1]仿真工具。但是,在實際的應(yīng)用中,如果忽略R1、R2的影響,主電感Lh及泄露電感L1δ、L2δ完全可以根據(jù)下面的經(jīng)驗公式[2]來獲得:
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式中, Lh和L1δ是在次級線圈空載的情況下求得的,L2δ是在次級線圈帶負載的情況下求得的。
??? 在實際的應(yīng)用中發(fā)現(xiàn),影響非接觸能量傳輸效率的因素很多,如初、次級線圈的尺寸以及匝數(shù)的多少,線圈中是否有高頻磁芯,初、次級空氣間隙的大小,傳輸頻率等。其中空氣間隙的大小是影響系統(tǒng)能量傳輸效率的最主要因素。在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的過程中得到了如表1所示的實驗數(shù)據(jù),實驗中選取的磁芯為E型高頻軟磁鐵氧體,如圖4所示,初、次級線圈的匝數(shù)均為60匝,線徑為0.4mm。從表1中可以看出,在不同空氣間隙下,主電感Lh和泄露電感L1δ、L2δ之間的參數(shù)值的變化情況,隨著空氣間隙的不斷加大,主電感Lh急劇減小,泄露電感L1δ、L2δ急劇增加,從而嚴重影響了系統(tǒng)能量傳輸?shù)男?。在實驗中還發(fā)現(xiàn),提高傳輸頻率可以增加Lh的值,進而提高能量傳輸?shù)男?,但是?dāng)傳輸頻率太高時(超過100kHz)會導(dǎo)致線圈的交流阻抗迅速增加,使得電路中線圈的能量消耗巨大,反而又影響了整個系統(tǒng)的能量傳輸。
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3 泄露電感的補償
??? 非接觸磁系統(tǒng)的一個重要特性就是它的主電感較小而泄露電感較大,這就嚴重影響了能量傳輸?shù)男省R虼?,如何對非接觸能量傳輸系統(tǒng)的泄露電感進行很好的補償將成為提高系統(tǒng)傳輸效率的關(guān)鍵所在。目前采用的方法主要有串聯(lián)補償和并聯(lián)補償,即在原邊線圈和副邊線圈中串聯(lián)或并聯(lián)高耐壓值的電容,以達到補償泄露電感的目的,本文采取的方法是在副邊電路串聯(lián)電容C2,如圖1所示。串聯(lián)電容的計算公式[3]如下:
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??? 在實際應(yīng)用中發(fā)現(xiàn),電路中加入電容C2后,系統(tǒng)的傳輸效率得到了顯著的提高。
4 高頻逆變電路
??? 高頻逆變電路" title="逆變電路">逆變電路也是非接觸式能量傳輸系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分。本系統(tǒng)的高頻逆變電路主要由4個絕緣柵雙極型晶體管(IGBT)構(gòu)成,如圖1所示。IGBT的優(yōu)點有飽和壓降小、開關(guān)損耗小、耐壓高,并且每個IGBT內(nèi)部反并聯(lián)了快速恢復(fù)二極管,可以及時地釋放掉線圈中儲存的能量。高頻逆變電路的驅(qū)動部分由STC系列單片機和EXB841芯片構(gòu)成,首先由單片機產(chǎn)生50kHz的高頻脈沖信號,然后作用于EXB841的輸入端產(chǎn)生專門用于驅(qū)動IGBT的電壓信號,驅(qū)動電壓為15V,具體的時序圖如圖5所示。從圖中可以看出,4個IGBT(S1/S4與S2/S3)交替導(dǎo)通與關(guān)斷,從而將原邊輸入的直流信號轉(zhuǎn)變成高頻交流信號。為了防止逆變電路出現(xiàn)短路現(xiàn)象,即防止4個IGBT同時導(dǎo)通,加入延時tv是十分必要的。圖中φ的變化范圍為0~180°,當(dāng)φ=0時,S2和S3同時導(dǎo)通,原邊電路壓降最??;當(dāng)φ=180°時,壓降最大。
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5 實驗結(jié)果
??? 圖6給出了在50kHz條件下高頻逆變電路的電壓輸出波形。從圖中可以看出,整個電壓波形近似于方波,而且具有很小的諧波信號(主要原因是IGBT具有微小的開關(guān)損耗),因此高頻逆變電路的損耗功率是很小的。圖7給出了在空氣間隙為10mm的條件下原邊能量耦合到副邊后的高頻電壓波形。從圖中可以看出,副邊電路輸出的電壓幾乎是方波信號。副邊電路經(jīng)過高速整流橋整流及電容濾波后得到穩(wěn)定的直流信號供負載使用。
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非接觸式感應(yīng)能量傳輸作為一種新的能量傳輸形式變得越來越具有吸引力。本文首先介紹了非接觸式感應(yīng)能量傳輸系統(tǒng)的組成及基本原理,然后詳細分析了系統(tǒng)的各個部分,給出了影響能量傳輸效率的幾種因素,并且給出了相應(yīng)的解決方案。實驗結(jié)果表明,本系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)了較好的能量傳輸。
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