摘 要: 提出一種有效提高加密云數(shù)據(jù)搜索效率的方法,通過制定搜索相關(guān)文件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并返回匹配文件,可以部分實(shí)現(xiàn)云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" 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title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算" title="云計(jì)算">云計(jì)算的數(shù)據(jù)安全托管服務(wù)。相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)通過與可搜索對(duì)稱加密技術(shù)進(jìn)行對(duì)比和分析,說明該方法具有更好的高效性和魯棒性。
關(guān)鍵詞: 氣象業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng);云計(jì)算;加密數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù);可搜索對(duì)稱加密技術(shù);搜索效率
隨著氣象業(yè)務(wù)的數(shù)字化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化程度不斷發(fā)展,并行計(jì)算、分布式計(jì)算、網(wǎng)絡(luò)存儲(chǔ)等新技術(shù)方法已經(jīng)得到廣泛利用。但是主流的氣象業(yè)務(wù)仍然基于傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng),隨著數(shù)據(jù)的增長(zhǎng)需要購置大量的存儲(chǔ)空間和處理設(shè)備作為支撐。相應(yīng)的各級(jí)氣象部門都需要對(duì)其進(jìn)行維護(hù)管理,為此投入大量的人力物力。
云數(shù)據(jù)庫是一種由大量計(jì)算節(jié)點(diǎn)構(gòu)成的并行處理方式,這種方法突破了傳統(tǒng)方式的瓶頸,解決了硬件空間有限和軟件費(fèi)用高昂的問題。云計(jì)算必將成為未來氣象業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)管理的最佳解決方案。但是由于氣象業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)的特殊性,導(dǎo)致在使用云計(jì)算帶來便利的同時(shí),也面臨著數(shù)據(jù)泄露等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),基于云計(jì)算的查詢內(nèi)容及數(shù)據(jù)的保護(hù)將成為利用云計(jì)算開展氣象業(yè)務(wù)研究的關(guān)鍵問題之一[1]。
基于云計(jì)算的數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)方法通常采用分發(fā)前進(jìn)行加密,在用戶端進(jìn)行查詢時(shí)發(fā)送匹配的數(shù)據(jù)文件的方法,如圖1所示。數(shù)據(jù)擁有者通過對(duì)原始文件進(jìn)行索引和加密后分發(fā)到云計(jì)算的服務(wù)器上;用戶端則通過終端對(duì)服務(wù)器上的索引進(jìn)行檢索,服務(wù)器對(duì)其返回匹配的文件加密,如圖2所示[2]。這樣的方式在數(shù)據(jù)文件過大時(shí)可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生分發(fā)困難;此外,更多的用戶只希望檢索某些特定數(shù)據(jù)文件,一般通過關(guān)鍵字進(jìn)行選擇性搜索,但是這種純文本搜索方法無法對(duì)云服務(wù)器上的加密云數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行有效搜索[3-4]。
本文提出一種有效提高加密云數(shù)據(jù)搜索效率的方法,制定了一種搜索相關(guān)文件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以在按照關(guān)鍵字進(jìn)行排名搜索的同時(shí)保護(hù)云數(shù)據(jù)不被泄露,部分實(shí)現(xiàn)云計(jì)算的數(shù)據(jù)安全托管服務(wù)。通過實(shí)驗(yàn)及其結(jié)果與可搜索對(duì)稱加密技術(shù)進(jìn)行對(duì)比和分析,可以認(rèn)為本文提出的新方法具有更好的高效性和魯棒性。
1 云計(jì)算的概念及其在氣象業(yè)務(wù)中的應(yīng)用
云計(jì)算是在處理器技術(shù)、分布式存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)、并行處理和寬帶互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生的以基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)共享來實(shí)現(xiàn)的一種新型技術(shù)[5-6]。其技術(shù)核心為超大規(guī)模的分布式環(huán)境下的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù),通過分布式的大規(guī)模集群和服務(wù)器虛擬化軟件搭建來實(shí)現(xiàn)。每個(gè)“云”包括幾十萬臺(tái)、甚至上百萬臺(tái)電腦,“云”中的資源可以無限擴(kuò)展,并且可以隨時(shí)獲取?;跉庀髽I(yè)務(wù)的云計(jì)算使客戶通過遠(yuǎn)程存儲(chǔ)云數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)現(xiàn)氣象數(shù)據(jù)的資源共享,并通過配置獲得高質(zhì)量的氣象業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)用和服務(wù)。通過這種新的計(jì)算模式可以在如下方面對(duì)氣象業(yè)務(wù)獲得改進(jìn)和提高[7-9]:
(1)數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)和采集
通常針對(duì)不同氣象業(yè)務(wù)和數(shù)據(jù)需要提供多臺(tái)不同的專用服務(wù)器,但在運(yùn)行過程中每臺(tái)服務(wù)器并非同時(shí)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)和處理,造成許多資源的閑置和浪費(fèi);通過建立氣象業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)的私有云可以實(shí)現(xiàn)云數(shù)據(jù)和資源在各級(jí)氣象部門內(nèi)部及與總部的共享訪問。
?。?)遠(yuǎn)程數(shù)據(jù)查詢和訪問
通過云計(jì)算的方式可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)存放在工作場(chǎng)所的氣象數(shù)據(jù)的遠(yuǎn)程訪問,用戶只需通過認(rèn)證就可以對(duì)氣象數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行不同權(quán)限的處理。
?。?)氣象數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)報(bào)
通過云計(jì)算可以整合分布在全國氣象部門網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的數(shù)據(jù)資源和計(jì)算資源等,提升整體系統(tǒng)的計(jì)算能力和使用效率,從而獲得更加精確的氣象預(yù)報(bào)數(shù)據(jù)。
2 一種改進(jìn)的可搜索對(duì)稱加密方案
云計(jì)算應(yīng)用于氣象數(shù)據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)的關(guān)鍵問題在于:用戶在此條件下對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)不進(jìn)行直接操作和控制,傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)加密算法不能被直接采用。而針對(duì)存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)安全檢查時(shí),也無法掌控全局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)。此外還特別需要針對(duì)敏感氣象數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行研究,在保持更新頻率的情況下保證數(shù)據(jù)的安全性和準(zhǔn)確性[10]。
傳統(tǒng)的基于云計(jì)算的數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)方法主要通過分發(fā)前對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)加密,這種加密方案支持對(duì)加密數(shù)據(jù)通過關(guān)鍵字進(jìn)行搜索,其問題在于,這種技術(shù)只支持布爾搜索,沒有捕獲任何數(shù)據(jù)文件的相關(guān)性。
2.1 模型定義
云數(shù)據(jù)托管服務(wù)涉及三個(gè)不同的主體:擁有者O、用戶U、云服務(wù)器C。數(shù)據(jù)擁有者具有n個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件F=(F1,F(xiàn)2,…,F(xiàn)n),擁有者希望對(duì)這些文件進(jìn)行加密分發(fā)的同時(shí)仍可對(duì)其進(jìn)行有效的數(shù)據(jù)查詢。為此首先需要根據(jù)m個(gè)不同的關(guān)鍵字W=(w1,w2,…,wm)建立并存儲(chǔ)一個(gè)安全的可查詢索引I。當(dāng)需要對(duì)關(guān)鍵字w進(jìn)行查詢時(shí),授權(quán)用戶向云服務(wù)器C提交一個(gè)搜索請(qǐng)求,云服務(wù)器接收到請(qǐng)求后對(duì)其進(jìn)行響應(yīng)并返回相應(yīng)的文件內(nèi)容。
2.2 可搜索對(duì)稱加密方案
可搜索對(duì)稱加密SSE(Searchable Symmetric Encryption)技術(shù)允許數(shù)據(jù)的擁有者以加密方式分發(fā)數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)保持對(duì)加密數(shù)據(jù)的搜索能力??伤阉鲗?duì)稱加密技術(shù)的基本策略包括初始化階段和搜索階段。
搜索階段:
對(duì)于感興趣的關(guān)鍵字w定義T=(πx(w),f(w)),通過πx(w)定位與索引匹配的列表并用f(w)解密,并將與F(w)相關(guān)的文件及其關(guān)聯(lián)的已加密相關(guān)得分一起發(fā)送;通過關(guān)鍵字對(duì)相關(guān)得分解密,從而得到排名搜索結(jié)果。
上述方法能夠很好地滿足可搜索對(duì)稱加密算法對(duì)安全保證的要求,但由于排名在用戶端完成,需要付出很大的計(jì)算代價(jià)并進(jìn)行后處理,發(fā)送全部搜索結(jié)果也會(huì)占用很大帶寬,并且這種方法使得服務(wù)器可以保留搜索到的文件和關(guān)鍵字之間的信息。
2.3 改進(jìn)的可搜索對(duì)稱加密方案
為了使得服務(wù)器在沒有先驗(yàn)知識(shí)的情況下快速獲得搜索排名,提出一種改進(jìn)的可搜索對(duì)稱加密方案,其基本策略如下:
搜索階段:
首先對(duì)于感興趣的關(guān)鍵字w定義T=(πx(w),f(w)),云服務(wù)器通過πx(w)定位與索引匹配的列表, 云服務(wù)器獲得文件Fi,j的ID及其關(guān)聯(lián)的已加密相關(guān)得分Score(εnew(Scoreij))發(fā)送;對(duì)已加密相關(guān)得分解密,從而得到排名搜索結(jié)果。
3 新方案性能評(píng)估
本節(jié)對(duì)新方案的安全保障性能進(jìn)行分析和評(píng)估,在此過程中需要保證云服務(wù)器沒有對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)或搜索關(guān)鍵字進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)學(xué)習(xí)。實(shí)驗(yàn)部署在自行研發(fā)的氣象數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)部實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái)上,該平臺(tái)為基于內(nèi)網(wǎng)的面向單位全體人員的云計(jì)算環(huán)境,部署在20臺(tái)服務(wù)器上。從理論上而言根據(jù)上一節(jié)提到的新方案可以獲得更加隨機(jī)分布的加密值,可以降低被截獲后解密的概率。圖3(a)、3(b)為新方案對(duì)同一關(guān)鍵字“Temperature”采用不同的隨機(jī)密鑰得到的加密相關(guān)得分對(duì)比,由圖中可以看出,新方案使得不同的隨機(jī)密鑰對(duì)應(yīng)的加密相關(guān)得分的分布產(chǎn)生明顯變化,進(jìn)一步降低加密數(shù)據(jù)被截獲后解密的可能性。
根據(jù)本文第2節(jié)的內(nèi)容可知,新方案的時(shí)間效率與相關(guān)分?jǐn)?shù)域范圍參數(shù)M和加密得分范圍參數(shù)R有關(guān),圖4給出新方案下50次試驗(yàn)的時(shí)間效率測(cè)量平均結(jié)果,由圖4可以看出,隨著相關(guān)分?jǐn)?shù)域范圍參數(shù)M的增加,所付出的時(shí)間也有所增長(zhǎng);同時(shí)隨著加密得分范圍參數(shù)R的增長(zhǎng),所付出的時(shí)間代價(jià)減少;包括隨機(jī)密鑰產(chǎn)生在內(nèi)的時(shí)間代價(jià)范圍在0.05 s~0.45 s之間,說明本方案具有效率較高的特性。
本文提出了一種改進(jìn)加密云數(shù)據(jù)搜索效率的方法,通過制定搜索相關(guān)文件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并返回匹配文件,可以部分實(shí)現(xiàn)云計(jì)算的數(shù)據(jù)安全托管服務(wù)。相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)通過與可搜索對(duì)稱加密技術(shù)進(jìn)行對(duì)比和分析,說明新方法具有更好的高效性和魯棒性。下一步將改進(jìn)該方案中運(yùn)算速度,使之支持更大規(guī)模服務(wù)器集群的云計(jì)算環(huán)境,同時(shí)進(jìn)一步研究加密數(shù)據(jù)排序問題。
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