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適用于H.264/AVC的去塊效應(yīng)濾波器硬件設(shè)計(jì)

2009-04-01
作者:李程達(dá),楊尊先

??? 摘 要: 設(shè)計(jì)了一種適用于H.264/AVC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器,提出了將對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的存取操作與濾波計(jì)算并行執(zhí)行的電路結(jié)構(gòu),利用相鄰4×4像素塊的數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān)性組織濾波順序,使片內(nèi)SRAM讀取次數(shù)減半,通過(guò)增加片內(nèi)SRAM,完成下一待濾波宏塊左相鄰塊像素?cái)?shù)據(jù)的復(fù)用,從而大大減少了濾波處理的周期數(shù)。
?? ?關(guān)鍵詞: 去塊效應(yīng)濾波;H.264/AVC;并行執(zhí)行

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??? H.264/AVC是最新的國(guó)際視頻壓縮編碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為了消除由于編解碼器反變換量化后圖像出現(xiàn)的方塊效應(yīng),H.264/AVC引入了去塊效應(yīng)濾波器。在獲得高質(zhì)量圖像和壓縮效率的同時(shí),去塊效應(yīng)濾波器也達(dá)到了解碼器計(jì)算復(fù)雜度的三分之一。究其原因,在濾波過(guò)程中,同一像素塊內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)要分別存取4次,頻繁地對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的存取操作成為制約系統(tǒng)處理能力的重要原因[1]。
??? 本文基于一種改進(jìn)的濾波順序?qū)崿F(xiàn)了電路結(jié)構(gòu),將對(duì)像素?cái)?shù)據(jù)的存取操作與濾波計(jì)算并行執(zhí)行,充分利用了相鄰塊像素?cái)?shù)據(jù)之間的相關(guān)性,減少了對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的存取次數(shù),提高了處理能力。
1 算法
??? H.264/AVC的DCT變換、運(yùn)動(dòng)估計(jì)都是基于4×4塊進(jìn)行的,因此去塊效應(yīng)濾波也是針對(duì)每個(gè)4×4小塊的邊緣(整幅圖像邊緣除外)進(jìn)行的。H.264/AVC環(huán)路濾波處理以16×16宏塊為基本單位,按照光柵掃描順序進(jìn)行,濾波時(shí),按照先亮度后色度,從左到右完成垂直邊界的水平濾波,再按從上到下的順序完成水平邊界的垂直濾波,每個(gè)宏塊的濾波順序如圖1所示。其中數(shù)字代表濾波順序,虛線為需要濾波的邊界。

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??? 對(duì)兩個(gè)相鄰4×4塊間的邊界濾波過(guò)程可分為兩步,首先確定邊界強(qiáng)度Bs,如果其中有一個(gè)塊采用幀內(nèi)編碼的方式,則邊界強(qiáng)度確定為4。如果有一個(gè)塊采用幀內(nèi)編碼方式且該邊界為宏塊邊界,則邊界強(qiáng)度確定為3。如果兩個(gè)塊都不是采用幀內(nèi)編碼的方式,并且有一個(gè)塊包含有非零變換系數(shù),則邊界強(qiáng)度確定為2。當(dāng)兩個(gè)塊都不含非零變換系數(shù),同時(shí)兩個(gè)相鄰塊使用不同的參考幀或者運(yùn)動(dòng)矢量,則邊界強(qiáng)度確定為1,否則邊界強(qiáng)度確定為0。色度塊的邊界強(qiáng)度可以從相應(yīng)的亮度塊中獲得。
??? 去塊效應(yīng)濾波只對(duì)虛擬邊界進(jìn)行平滑處理,因此在取得Bs之后,只有在Bs不為0同時(shí)滿足以下條件時(shí),才對(duì)邊界進(jìn)行濾波。
??? |p0-q0|<|α&&|q1-p0|<β&&|q1-q0|<β
其中,α、β是根據(jù)量化參數(shù)QP產(chǎn)生的濾波門(mén)限值。
??? 圖2示出了兩個(gè)4×4像素塊邊界的8個(gè)樣點(diǎn),根據(jù)Bs的取值不同,濾波過(guò)程分為兩種模式,Bs=1、2、3時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)濾波模式,根據(jù)QP的值對(duì)p0和q0進(jìn)行限幅操作,對(duì)于亮度塊還要根據(jù)條件對(duì)p1、q1進(jìn)行濾波,Bs=4時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)強(qiáng)濾波模式,其中最多有6個(gè)樣點(diǎn)值將在濾波過(guò)程中得到調(diào)整,以去除塊效應(yīng)[2]。

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2 去塊效應(yīng)濾波器設(shè)計(jì)
2.1 中間數(shù)據(jù)緩存

??? 對(duì)一個(gè)宏塊內(nèi)所需要濾波的4×4大小的塊進(jìn)行標(biāo)記,如圖3所示,其中小寫(xiě)字母表示相鄰的參考?jí)K,大寫(xiě)字母表示宏塊內(nèi)的4×4塊。

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??? 根據(jù)圖1所示的濾波原則,得到基本的去塊效應(yīng)濾波順序,如圖4(a)所示。在基本濾波順序中,為了濾波邊界1,需要從外部存儲(chǔ)器中讀取塊a、A,濾波計(jì)算完后,塊a、A將被存入片內(nèi)SRAM中,以便在濾波邊界25和29、5時(shí)能夠直接從片內(nèi)取出A,減少對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的訪問(wèn)。因此宏塊內(nèi)以及宏塊相鄰的所有4×4小塊將被存入片內(nèi)SRAM中。該順序不利于盡早得到濾波后的最終結(jié)果,增加了對(duì)中間數(shù)據(jù)緩存的需求。對(duì)文獻(xiàn)[3]提出的濾波順序進(jìn)行修改后,得到如圖4(b)所示的濾波順序,該順序利用了相鄰4×4像素塊的的相關(guān)性,在濾波邊界1之后,塊A仍然要用于邊界2的濾波,因此直接將塊A緩存,不存入片內(nèi)SRAM,每一個(gè)4×4塊只有在該塊的垂直邊界濾波之后才存入片內(nèi)SRAM。垂直濾波的過(guò)程與水平濾波類(lèi)似,只不過(guò)像素?cái)?shù)據(jù)來(lái)自本地而不是來(lái)自外部存儲(chǔ)器。因此片內(nèi)SRAM的讀寫(xiě)次數(shù)將減半,由于亮度塊與色度塊共用片內(nèi)SRAM暫存中間數(shù)據(jù),SRAM的大小也將減少三分之一。

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2.2 存取操作與濾波計(jì)算的并行執(zhí)行
??? 為了最大限度地減少對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的訪問(wèn),應(yīng)該避免將中間結(jié)果寫(xiě)回外部存儲(chǔ)器,只有在濾波結(jié)束后將最終結(jié)果寫(xiě)回外部存儲(chǔ)器。設(shè)定濾波器的數(shù)據(jù)總線為32bit,每次對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的訪問(wèn)只能存取一個(gè)塊中同一行的4個(gè)像素值,一個(gè)宏塊濾波總共涉及40個(gè)4×4小塊,因此對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的存取訪問(wèn)分別需要40×4=160個(gè)時(shí)鐘周期[4]??紤]到下一宏塊的左相鄰塊像素值來(lái)自當(dāng)前宏塊邊界29、30、31、32、39、40、47、48濾波計(jì)算后的結(jié)果,可以把它們作為中間結(jié)果存入片內(nèi)SRAM中,下一宏塊的左相鄰塊像素值來(lái)自本地,從而使得對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的取數(shù)操作減少8×4=32個(gè)時(shí)鐘周期。
??? 由于對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的存取操作和濾波計(jì)算都是針對(duì)一個(gè)4×4塊中一行的像素點(diǎn)進(jìn)行,因此可以將對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的存取操作和濾波計(jì)算并行執(zhí)行,以此減少濾波所需要的周期數(shù)。對(duì)于如圖3和圖4(b)所示的亮度塊,從外部存儲(chǔ)器讀取塊A~P和e~h的操作可以和垂直邊界1-16以及水平邊界17、21、25、29的濾波計(jì)算過(guò)程并行執(zhí)行。將濾波后的塊A、E、I、B、F、J、C、G、K存回外部存儲(chǔ)器的操作可以和水平邊界18、19、20、22、23、24、26、27、28的濾波計(jì)算并行執(zhí)行。此外,需要緩存已濾波的塊D、H、L、P,使下一宏塊的左相鄰塊像素值來(lái)自本地,因此可以將塊e、f、g、h濾波后的結(jié)果存回外部存儲(chǔ)器的操作與緩存D、H、L、P的過(guò)程并行執(zhí)行。
2.3 電路結(jié)構(gòu)
??? 根據(jù)2.1和2.2中確定的算法原則,H.264/AVC去塊效應(yīng)濾波器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)如圖5所示(虛線為控制信號(hào),實(shí)線為數(shù)據(jù)流)。濾波器主要由六部分組成,通過(guò)MUX實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)通路的控制。

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??? 參數(shù)緩沖器:緩存從總線上讀取的參數(shù)信息,包括左相鄰宏塊、上相鄰宏塊和當(dāng)前宏塊的塊信息。
??? 邊界強(qiáng)度及索引生成器 :在濾波計(jì)算的同時(shí),根據(jù)參數(shù)緩沖器中的信息并行地計(jì)算邊界強(qiáng)度Bs和IndexA、IndexB等濾波參數(shù)信息,用來(lái)控制邊界濾波器濾波模式的選擇。
??? 邊界濾波器:根據(jù)濾波參數(shù)選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)濾波、強(qiáng)濾波、不濾波模式,對(duì)平行輸入的8個(gè)像素點(diǎn)共32位像素值進(jìn)行計(jì)算,然后平行地輸出結(jié)果。在控制器的控制下,通過(guò)和它連接的Buffer、轉(zhuǎn)置寄存器組T,水平濾波和垂直濾波可共用此單元。
?? ?Buffer:用于暫存相鄰4×4像素塊濾波過(guò)程中所產(chǎn)生的中間數(shù)據(jù)。
?SRAM0、SRAM1:兩個(gè)片內(nèi)SRAM均為雙口SRAM,其中SRAM0用于緩存當(dāng)前宏塊垂直邊界濾波后的中間數(shù)據(jù),亮度塊和色度塊可共用此SRAM,因此大小為16×4×32=64×32bit。SRAM1中一部分空間分時(shí)地緩存左相鄰塊濾波前數(shù)據(jù)、左相鄰塊濾波后數(shù)據(jù)以及當(dāng)前宏塊的右邊四列濾波后數(shù)據(jù),大小為8×4×32=32×32bit。SRAM1中另一部分空間存儲(chǔ)上相鄰塊濾波后的數(shù)據(jù),亮度塊和色度塊可共用此空間,大小為4×4×32=16×32bit。
??? 控制器:為去塊效應(yīng)濾波器各功能部件提供控制信號(hào),控制濾波器的濾波流程。
2.4 電路工作過(guò)程
??? 對(duì)于圖3中的亮度塊(色度塊的濾波過(guò)程與亮度塊相似),水平濾波以邊界1、2、3、4為例,步驟如下:
??? (1)從SRAM1中取出a,從外部存儲(chǔ)器中取出A,完成邊界1的濾波,同時(shí)將a的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中,緩存A的中間數(shù)據(jù);
????(2)從外部存儲(chǔ)器中取出B,完成邊界2的濾波,緩存B的中間數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)將A存入SRAM0中;
????(3)從外部存儲(chǔ)器中取出C,完成邊界3的濾波,緩存C的中間數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)將B存入SRAM0中;
????(4)從外部存儲(chǔ)器中取出D,完成邊界4的濾波,緩存D的中間數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)將C存入SRAM0中;
????(5)將D存入SRAM0中,同時(shí)將a的最終結(jié)果從SRAM1中取出存入外部存儲(chǔ)器。
????邊界5~16的濾波過(guò)程與上述類(lèi)似。在垂直濾波過(guò)程中,以邊界17、18、19、20為例,步驟如下:
????(1)從外部存儲(chǔ)器中取出e,從SRAM0中讀出A,完成邊界17的濾波,緩存A的中間數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)將e的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中;
????(2)從SRAM0中取出E,完成邊界18的濾波,緩存E的中間數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)將A的結(jié)果存入外部存儲(chǔ)器;
?? ?(3)從SRAM0中取出I,完成邊界19的濾波,緩存I的中間數(shù)據(jù), 同時(shí)將E的結(jié)果存入外部存儲(chǔ)器;
?? ?(4)從SRAM0中取出M,完成邊界20的濾波,緩存M的中間數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)將I的結(jié)果存入外部存儲(chǔ)器;
?? ?(5)將M的最終結(jié)果存入外部存儲(chǔ)器。
?? ?邊界21~28的濾波過(guò)程與上述類(lèi)似。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)下一待濾波宏塊左相鄰塊像素?cái)?shù)據(jù)來(lái)自本地,邊界29、30、31、32的濾波過(guò)程如下:
??? (1)從外部存儲(chǔ)器中取出h,從SRAM0中取出D,完成邊界29的濾波,緩存D的中間數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)將h的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中;
?? ?(2)從SRAM0中取出H,完成邊界30的濾波,緩存H的中間數(shù)據(jù),將D的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中,同時(shí)將e的結(jié)果從SRAM1中取出存入外部存儲(chǔ)器;
?? ?(3)從SRAM0中取出L,完成邊界31的濾波,緩存L的中間數(shù)據(jù),將H的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中,同時(shí)將f的結(jié)果從SRAM1中取出存入外部存儲(chǔ)器;
?? ?(4)從SRAM0中取出P,完成邊界32的濾波,緩存P的數(shù)據(jù),將L的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中,同時(shí)將g的結(jié)果從SRAM1中取出存入外部存儲(chǔ)器;
?? ?(5)將P的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中,同時(shí)將h的結(jié)果從SRAM1中取出存入外部存儲(chǔ)器。
3 實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)果
??? 用Verilog HDL語(yǔ)言對(duì)本文提出的電路結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行RTL級(jí)描述,采用Synopsys的Design Compiler在SIMC 0.18μm CMOS單元庫(kù)下綜合,最大限制頻率為80MHz時(shí),門(mén)數(shù)為21k。本設(shè)計(jì)在仿真時(shí)采用JVT提供的JM8.6 C程序產(chǎn)生碼流進(jìn)行了測(cè)試,RTL級(jí)模型的仿真結(jié)果和C程序的運(yùn)算結(jié)果一致,仿真顯示,處理一個(gè)宏塊需要286個(gè)時(shí)鐘周期。從表1的比較結(jié)果來(lái)看,本設(shè)計(jì)在處理能力上優(yōu)于文獻(xiàn)[4]、[5]的同類(lèi)設(shè)計(jì),其中處理能力是指對(duì)1 280×720分辨率的圖像進(jìn)行處理。本設(shè)計(jì)與文獻(xiàn)[4]的設(shè)計(jì)均可滿足對(duì)HDTV圖像的實(shí)時(shí)處理(1 280×720,60f/s),但本設(shè)計(jì)的電路規(guī)模減少12.5%,處理能力提高了24.7%。

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??? 本文提出了一種適用于H.264/AVC的去塊效應(yīng)濾波算法及其電路結(jié)構(gòu)。通過(guò)改進(jìn)濾波順序,將對(duì)外部存儲(chǔ)器的存取操作與濾波計(jì)算并行執(zhí)行,使下一待濾波宏塊左相鄰塊像素?cái)?shù)據(jù)來(lái)自本地等措施,增加了數(shù)據(jù)訪問(wèn)效率。實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)果表明,本設(shè)計(jì)電路規(guī)模為2.1萬(wàn)門(mén),能夠以77.7幀/s的幀率對(duì)分辨率為1 280×720的圖像進(jìn)行濾波處理。與同類(lèi)設(shè)計(jì)相比,本設(shè)計(jì)電路規(guī)模小、處理能力高,可方便用于H.264/AVC編解碼芯片中,也可作為IP核嵌入到特定目的的處理器或DSP中。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Drafl ITU-T recommendation and final drafl intemational standard of Joint video specification(ITU-T Rec.H.264/ISO/lEC 14496-10 AVC),Geneva,Switzerland,2003(6).
[2] KHURANA G,KASSIM A A,CHUA T P,et al.A pipelined hardware implementation of In-loop deblocking filter in H.264/AVC.IEEE transactions on consumer electronics,vol.52,No.2,2006(5).
[3] CHENG C C,CHANG T S.An hardware efficient deblocking filter for H.264/AVC.IEEE consumer electronics,2005.ICCE.2005 Digest of Technical Papers. International Conference on 8-12.2005(6).
[4] SHENG B,GAO W,WU D.An implemented architecture of deblocking filter for H.264/AVC.IEEE Int′l Conf.on Image Processing,vol.1,2004.665-668.
[5] HUANG Y W,CHEN T W,HSIEH B Y,et al.Architecture design for deblocking filter in H.264/JVT/AVC.IEEE Int′l Conf.on Multimedia and Expo,2003.

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