??? 摘 要： 設(shè)計了一種適用于H.264/AVC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" 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title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器" title="去塊效應(yīng)濾波器">去塊效應(yīng)濾波器，提出了將對外部存儲器的存取操作與濾波計算并行執(zhí)行的電路結(jié)構(gòu)，利用相鄰4×4像素塊的數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān)性組織濾波順序，使片內(nèi)SRAM讀取次數(shù)減半，通過增加片內(nèi)SRAM，完成下一待濾波宏塊左相鄰塊像素數(shù)據(jù)的復(fù)用，從而大大減少了濾波處理的周期數(shù)。
?? ?關(guān)鍵詞： 去塊效應(yīng)濾波；H.264/AVC；并行執(zhí)行
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??? H.264/AVC是最新的國際視頻壓縮編碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為了消除由于編解碼器反變換量化后圖像出現(xiàn)的方塊效應(yīng)，H.264/AVC引入了去塊效應(yīng)濾波器。在獲得高質(zhì)量圖像和壓縮效率的同時，去塊效應(yīng)濾波器也達到了解碼器計算復(fù)雜度的三分之一。究其原因，在濾波過程中，同一像素塊內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)要分別存取4次，頻繁地對外部存儲器的存取操作成為制約系統(tǒng)處理能力的重要原因[1]。
??? 本文基于一種改進的濾波順序?qū)崿F(xiàn)了電路結(jié)構(gòu)，將對像素數(shù)據(jù)的存取操作與濾波計算并行執(zhí)行，充分利用了相鄰塊像素數(shù)據(jù)之間的相關(guān)性，減少了對外部存儲器的存取次數(shù)，提高了處理能力。
1 算法
??? H.264/AVC的DCT變換、運動估計都是基于4×4塊進行的，因此去塊效應(yīng)濾波也是針對每個4×4小塊的邊緣（整幅圖像邊緣除外）進行的。H.264/AVC環(huán)路濾波處理以16×16宏塊為基本單位，按照光柵掃描順序進行，濾波時，按照先亮度后色度，從左到右完成垂直邊界的水平濾波，再按從上到下的順序完成水平邊界的垂直濾波，每個宏塊的濾波順序如圖1所示。其中數(shù)字代表濾波順序，虛線為需要濾波的邊界。
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??? 對兩個相鄰4×4塊間的邊界濾波過程可分為兩步，首先確定邊界強度Bs，如果其中有一個塊采用幀內(nèi)編碼的方式，則邊界強度確定為4。如果有一個塊采用幀內(nèi)編碼方式且該邊界為宏塊邊界，則邊界強度確定為3。如果兩個塊都不是采用幀內(nèi)編碼的方式，并且有一個塊包含有非零變換系數(shù)，則邊界強度確定為2。當(dāng)兩個塊都不含非零變換系數(shù)，同時兩個相鄰塊使用不同的參考幀或者運動矢量，則邊界強度確定為1，否則邊界強度確定為0。色度塊的邊界強度可以從相應(yīng)的亮度塊中獲得。
??? 去塊效應(yīng)濾波只對虛擬邊界進行平滑處理，因此在取得Bs之后，只有在Bs不為0同時滿足以下條件時，才對邊界進行濾波。
??? |p0-q0|<|α&&|q1-p0|<β&&|q1-q0|<β
其中，α、β是根據(jù)量化參數(shù)QP產(chǎn)生的濾波門限值。
??? 圖2示出了兩個4×4像素塊邊界的8個樣點，根據(jù)Bs的取值不同，濾波過程分為兩種模式，Bs=1、2、3時，對應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)濾波模式，根據(jù)QP的值對p0和q0進行限幅操作，對于亮度塊還要根據(jù)條件對p1、q1進行濾波，Bs=4時對應(yīng)強濾波模式，其中最多有6個樣點值將在濾波過程中得到調(diào)整，以去除塊效應(yīng)[2]。
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2 去塊效應(yīng)濾波器設(shè)計
2.1 中間數(shù)據(jù)緩存
??? 對一個宏塊內(nèi)所需要濾波的4×4大小的塊進行標(biāo)記，如圖3所示，其中小寫字母表示相鄰的參考塊，大寫字母表示宏塊內(nèi)的4×4塊。
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??? 根據(jù)圖1所示的濾波原則，得到基本的去塊效應(yīng)濾波順序，如圖4(a)所示。在基本濾波順序中，為了濾波邊界1，需要從外部存儲器中讀取塊a、A，濾波計算完后，塊a、A將被存入片內(nèi)SRAM中，以便在濾波邊界25和29、5時能夠直接從片內(nèi)取出A，減少對外部存儲器的訪問。因此宏塊內(nèi)以及宏塊相鄰的所有4×4小塊將被存入片內(nèi)SRAM中。該順序不利于盡早得到濾波后的最終結(jié)果，增加了對中間數(shù)據(jù)緩存的需求。對文獻[3]提出的濾波順序進行修改后，得到如圖4(b)所示的濾波順序，該順序利用了相鄰4×4像素塊的的相關(guān)性，在濾波邊界1之后，塊A仍然要用于邊界2的濾波，因此直接將塊A緩存，不存入片內(nèi)SRAM，每一個4×4塊只有在該塊的垂直邊界濾波之后才存入片內(nèi)SRAM。垂直濾波的過程與水平濾波類似，只不過像素數(shù)據(jù)來自本地而不是來自外部存儲器。因此片內(nèi)SRAM的讀寫次數(shù)將減半，由于亮度塊與色度塊共用片內(nèi)SRAM暫存中間數(shù)據(jù)，SRAM的大小也將減少三分之一。
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2.2 存取操作與濾波計算的并行執(zhí)行
??? 為了最大限度地減少對外部存儲器的訪問，應(yīng)該避免將中間結(jié)果寫回外部存儲器，只有在濾波結(jié)束后將最終結(jié)果寫回外部存儲器。設(shè)定濾波器的數(shù)據(jù)總線為32bit，每次對外部存儲器的訪問只能存取一個塊中同一行的4個像素值，一個宏塊濾波總共涉及40個4×4小塊，因此對外部存儲器的存取訪問分別需要40×4=160個時鐘周期[4]?？紤]到下一宏塊的左相鄰塊像素值來自當(dāng)前宏塊邊界29、30、31、32、39、40、47、48濾波計算后的結(jié)果，可以把它們作為中間結(jié)果存入片內(nèi)SRAM中，下一宏塊的左相鄰塊像素值來自本地，從而使得對外部存儲器的取數(shù)操作減少8×4=32個時鐘周期。
??? 由于對外部存儲器的存取操作和濾波計算都是針對一個4×4塊中一行的像素點進行，因此可以將對外部存儲器的存取操作和濾波計算并行執(zhí)行，以此減少濾波所需要的周期數(shù)。對于如圖3和圖4(b)所示的亮度塊，從外部存儲器讀取塊A~P和e~h的操作可以和垂直邊界1-16以及水平邊界17、21、25、29的濾波計算過程并行執(zhí)行。將濾波后的塊A、E、I、B、F、J、C、G、K存回外部存儲器的操作可以和水平邊界18、19、20、22、23、24、26、27、28的濾波計算并行執(zhí)行。此外，需要緩存已濾波的塊D、H、L、P，使下一宏塊的左相鄰塊像素值來自本地，因此可以將塊e、f、g、h濾波后的結(jié)果存回外部存儲器的操作與緩存D、H、L、P的過程并行執(zhí)行。
2.3 電路結(jié)構(gòu)
??? 根據(jù)2.1和2.2中確定的算法原則，H.264/AVC去塊效應(yīng)濾波器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計如圖5所示(虛線為控制信號，實線為數(shù)據(jù)流)。濾波器主要由六部分組成，通過MUX實現(xiàn)對數(shù)據(jù)通路的控制。
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??? 參數(shù)緩沖器：緩存從總線上讀取的參數(shù)信息，包括左相鄰宏塊、上相鄰宏塊和當(dāng)前宏塊的塊信息。
??? 邊界強度及索引生成器 ：在濾波計算的同時，根據(jù)參數(shù)緩沖器中的信息并行地計算邊界強度Bs和IndexA、IndexB等濾波參數(shù)信息，用來控制邊界濾波器濾波模式的選擇。
??? 邊界濾波器：根據(jù)濾波參數(shù)選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)濾波、強濾波、不濾波模式，對平行輸入的8個像素點共32位像素值進行計算，然后平行地輸出結(jié)果。在控制器的控制下，通過和它連接的Buffer、轉(zhuǎn)置寄存器組T，水平濾波和垂直濾波可共用此單元。
?? ?Buffer：用于暫存相鄰4×4像素塊濾波過程中所產(chǎn)生的中間數(shù)據(jù)。
?SRAM0、SRAM1:兩個片內(nèi)SRAM均為雙口SRAM，其中SRAM0用于緩存當(dāng)前宏塊垂直邊界濾波后的中間數(shù)據(jù)，亮度塊和色度塊可共用此SRAM，因此大小為16×4×32=64×32bit。SRAM1中一部分空間分時地緩存左相鄰塊濾波前數(shù)據(jù)、左相鄰塊濾波后數(shù)據(jù)以及當(dāng)前宏塊的右邊四列濾波后數(shù)據(jù)，大小為8×4×32=32×32bit。SRAM1中另一部分空間存儲上相鄰塊濾波后的數(shù)據(jù)，亮度塊和色度塊可共用此空間，大小為4×4×32=16×32bit。
??? 控制器:為去塊效應(yīng)濾波器各功能部件提供控制信號，控制濾波器的濾波流程。
2.4 電路工作過程
??? 對于圖3中的亮度塊（色度塊的濾波過程與亮度塊相似），水平濾波以邊界1、2、3、4為例，步驟如下：
??? (1)從SRAM1中取出a,從外部存儲器中取出A，完成邊界1的濾波，同時將a的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中，緩存A的中間數(shù)據(jù)；
????(2)從外部存儲器中取出B，完成邊界2的濾波，緩存B的中間數(shù)據(jù)，同時將A存入SRAM0中；
????(3)從外部存儲器中取出C，完成邊界3的濾波，緩存C的中間數(shù)據(jù)，同時將B存入SRAM0中；
????(4)從外部存儲器中取出D，完成邊界4的濾波，緩存D的中間數(shù)據(jù)，同時將C存入SRAM0中；
????(5)將D存入SRAM0中，同時將a的最終結(jié)果從SRAM1中取出存入外部存儲器。
????邊界5～16的濾波過程與上述類似。在垂直濾波過程中，以邊界17、18、19、20為例，步驟如下：
????(1)從外部存儲器中取出e，從SRAM0中讀出A，完成邊界17的濾波，緩存A的中間數(shù)據(jù)，同時將e的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中；
????(2)從SRAM0中取出E，完成邊界18的濾波，緩存E的中間數(shù)據(jù)，同時將A的結(jié)果存入外部存儲器；
?? ?(3)從SRAM0中取出I，完成邊界19的濾波，緩存I的中間數(shù)據(jù)， 同時將E的結(jié)果存入外部存儲器；
?? ?(4)從SRAM0中取出M，完成邊界20的濾波，緩存M的中間數(shù)據(jù)，同時將I的結(jié)果存入外部存儲器；
?? ?(5)將M的最終結(jié)果存入外部存儲器。
?? ?邊界21～28的濾波過程與上述類似。為了實現(xiàn)下一待濾波宏塊左相鄰塊像素數(shù)據(jù)來自本地，邊界29、30、31、32的濾波過程如下：
??? (1)從外部存儲器中取出h，從SRAM0中取出D,完成邊界29的濾波，緩存D的中間數(shù)據(jù)，同時將h的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中；
?? ?(2)從SRAM0中取出H，完成邊界30的濾波，緩存H的中間數(shù)據(jù)，將D的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中，同時將e的結(jié)果從SRAM1中取出存入外部存儲器；
?? ?(3)從SRAM0中取出L，完成邊界31的濾波，緩存L的中間數(shù)據(jù)，將H的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中，同時將f的結(jié)果從SRAM1中取出存入外部存儲器；
?? ?(4)從SRAM0中取出P，完成邊界32的濾波，緩存P的數(shù)據(jù)，將L的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中，同時將g的結(jié)果從SRAM1中取出存入外部存儲器；
?? ?(5)將P的結(jié)果存入SRAM1中，同時將h的結(jié)果從SRAM1中取出存入外部存儲器。
3 實現(xiàn)結(jié)果
??? 用Verilog HDL語言對本文提出的電路結(jié)構(gòu)進行RTL級描述，采用Synopsys的Design Compiler在SIMC 0.18μm CMOS單元庫下綜合，最大限制頻率為80MHz時，門數(shù)為21k。本設(shè)計在仿真時采用JVT提供的JM8.6 C程序產(chǎn)生碼流進行了測試，RTL級模型的仿真結(jié)果和C程序的運算結(jié)果一致，仿真顯示，處理一個宏塊需要286個時鐘周期。從表1的比較結(jié)果來看，本設(shè)計在處理能力上優(yōu)于文獻[4]、[5]的同類設(shè)計，其中處理能力是指對1 280×720分辨率的圖像進行處理。本設(shè)計與文獻[4]的設(shè)計均可滿足對HDTV圖像的實時處理(1 280×720，60f/s)，但本設(shè)計的電路規(guī)模減少12.5%，處理能力提高了24.7%。
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??? 本文提出了一種適用于H.264/AVC的去塊效應(yīng)濾波算法及其電路結(jié)構(gòu)。通過改進濾波順序，將對外部存儲器的存取操作與濾波計算并行執(zhí)行，使下一待濾波宏塊左相鄰塊像素數(shù)據(jù)來自本地等措施，增加了數(shù)據(jù)訪問效率。實現(xiàn)結(jié)果表明，本設(shè)計電路規(guī)模為2.1萬門，能夠以77.7幀/s的幀率對分辨率為1 280×720的圖像進行濾波處理。與同類設(shè)計相比，本設(shè)計電路規(guī)模小、處理能力高，可方便用于H.264/AVC編解碼芯片中，也可作為IP核嵌入到特定目的的處理器或DSP中。
參考文獻
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