引言

　　零碳排放的氫燃料作為一種高效、清潔、可再生的能源，得到了國際能源界的廣泛認(rèn)同。氫氣也在石油化工、電子工業(yè)、食品工業(yè)、航空航天工業(yè)等領(lǐng)域有了廣泛應(yīng)用。然而，氫氣是一種無色無味、攜帶極不方便、極易泄漏的氣體，在室溫和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓下，氫氣與空氣的混合比例達(dá)到4．1％～74．1％時(shí)遇明火極易爆炸。為了減小使用氫氣的安全隱患，開發(fā)出一套安全、可靠、靈敏度高的氫氣濃度監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)具有十分重要的意義。

　　1 系統(tǒng)總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

　　采集到的氫傳感信號經(jīng)過低噪聲放大電路進(jìn)行放大處理，并在低通濾波器濾除信號中的高頻噪聲。然后，經(jīng)A／D轉(zhuǎn)換器送入ARM處理器S3C2410，ARM 處理器再調(diào)用應(yīng)用程序對采集到的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行數(shù)字處理，最后實(shí)時(shí)顯示濃度值，并在濃度超出限定值時(shí)做出報(bào)警處理。整個(gè)系統(tǒng)框圖如圖1所示。

　　2 系統(tǒng)硬件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

　　本系統(tǒng)中所選氫氣傳感器為瑞士Membrapor生產(chǎn)的H2／C-1000。它的主要指標(biāo)有：測量范圍O～1 000 mg／m3，最大負(fù)載2000 mg／m3，輸出信號為30±10 nA每mg／m3，分辨率2 mg／m3，響應(yīng)時(shí)間<45 s，溫度范圍-20～40℃，典型信號漂移<2％／月?？梢?，傳感器輸出的信號范圍為0～40μA甚至nA級的微弱直流信號。這里首先利用I／V轉(zhuǎn)換電路將微弱的電流信號轉(zhuǎn)換為電壓信號，再利用后級的差動放大電路將其放大到A／D能采集的電壓范圍。然后，將其經(jīng)過二階低通濾波處理后送入A／D轉(zhuǎn)換器。最后由微處理器S3C2410處理采集到的數(shù)值信號。

　　2．1 微弱信號放大電路

　　根據(jù)弗里斯定理可知，I／V轉(zhuǎn)換引入的外界干擾和噪聲，對整個(gè)系統(tǒng)性能影響最顯著，為此必須選用開環(huán)輸入電阻高、輸入偏置電流小、噪聲小的精密運(yùn)算放大器。這里選用斬波穩(wěn)零的高精度運(yùn)放ICL7650，其輸入電阻為1012Ω，偏置電流為1．5 pA，輸入失調(diào)電壓為1μV，失調(diào)電壓溫度系數(shù)為0．01μV／℃，共模抑制比為130 dB。后級的差動放大選用內(nèi)部具有三運(yùn)放結(jié)構(gòu)的儀用放大器AD620AN。它具有共模抑制比高，溫度穩(wěn)定性好，放大頻帶寬，噪聲系數(shù)小、功耗低，差動輸入、單端輸出，電壓增益由電阻RG確定，且連續(xù)可調(diào)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。系統(tǒng)的前端信號放大電路如圖2所示。

　　輸入電流I1進(jìn)入放大器ICL7650的反向端，輸出電壓正比于輸入電流，電壓U1=I1R2。為防止產(chǎn)生高頻振蕩，在電阻R2上并接了電容C1。R1為 ICL7650的限流保護(hù)電阻。經(jīng)過I／V轉(zhuǎn)換后的電壓信號U1和R4上所分得的電壓一起，作為差動輸入進(jìn)入儀用放大器AD620AN，它的放大倍數(shù)僅由電阻RG(即R6)決定，增益公式為G=(49．4 kΩ／R6)+1。由于R4上所得的電壓為一恒定值，而U1會隨著輸入信號的變化而變化，那么AD620AN的輸出端電壓信號U2即包含了一定的基底電壓和被測信號量，對其進(jìn)行濾波采樣后，進(jìn)行處理，可以從中分離出需要補(bǔ)償?shù)幕纂妷海玫綄?shí)際的被測信號。由于基底電壓是緩變的直流信號，在一定的時(shí)間 (min級)內(nèi)為定值，因此可以忽略處理時(shí)間(ms級)，保證實(shí)時(shí)動態(tài)補(bǔ)償。電路中的R3和R5與G2組成低通濾波電路，可以防止高頻噪聲進(jìn)入放大器，減小噪聲干擾。

　　2．2 濾波電路

　　經(jīng)過放大后的直流信號附有噪聲干擾，對于傳感器信號濾波最常用的是RC有源模擬濾波器，即用運(yùn)算放大器和電阻、電容構(gòu)成，具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、調(diào)整方便、成本低的特點(diǎn)。因此采用由2個(gè)2階巴特沃斯有源濾波電路級聯(lián)構(gòu)成的截止頻率為50 Hz的4階巴特沃斯低通濾波器。

　　2．3 ADC與微處理器接口電路

　　氫氣傳感器輸出信號頻率一般都遠(yuǎn)小于1 kHz。根據(jù)香農(nóng)采樣定理可知，采樣頻率至少要大于信號最高頻率的2倍。另外，為了滿足最小2 mg／m3的分辨率，這里采用美國ADI公司推出的一款高速低功耗串行12位8 通道A／D轉(zhuǎn)換器AD7888。它是單電源工作，電壓VDD范圍為2．7～5．25 V。AD7888有2．5 V的片內(nèi)基準(zhǔn)電壓，也可以使用外部基準(zhǔn)電壓，范圍從1．2 V到VDD。模擬輸入電壓從O到VREF，采樣頻率可高達(dá)125 kHz，可與多種串行接口(SPI／QSPI／MICROWIRE／DSP)兼容。

 　　本監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)的核心處理器是三星公司推出的16／32位RISC處理器S3C2410。它為手持設(shè)備和一般應(yīng)用提供了低價(jià)格、低功耗、高性能的小型微控制器解決方案。S3C2410提供了豐富的內(nèi)部設(shè)備：分開的16KB的指令Cache和16 KB的數(shù)據(jù)Cache，MMU虛擬存儲器管理，LCD控制器，支持NAND Flash系統(tǒng)引導(dǎo)，系統(tǒng)管理器，3通道UART，4通道的DMA，4通道PWM定時(shí)器，I／O端口，RTC，8通道10位ADC和觸摸屏接口，I2C總線接口，USB主從機(jī)，USB設(shè)備，SD主卡和MMC卡接口，2通道的SPI以及內(nèi)部PLL時(shí)鐘倍頻器等。

　　該系統(tǒng)利用SPI實(shí)現(xiàn)A／D轉(zhuǎn)換器與ARM處理器的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，其接口電路如圖3所示。SPlCLK0為SPI串行時(shí)鐘信號，SPIMISO0和 SPIMOSI0數(shù)據(jù)引腳用來發(fā)送和接收串行數(shù)據(jù)。nSS0作為SPI的片選信號，低電平有效。

　　3 系統(tǒng)軟件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

　　本系統(tǒng)在S3C2410上移植了韓國Mizi公司開發(fā)的Bootloader(VIVI)、嵌入式Linux-2．6．14內(nèi)核以及cramfs根文件系統(tǒng)，構(gòu)建了具有嵌入式Linux操作系統(tǒng)的軟件環(huán)境。

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title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" 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title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序" title="設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序">設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序設(shè)計(jì)

　　Linux設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序是為特定硬件提供給用戶程序的一組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化接口，它隱藏了設(shè)備工作的細(xì)節(jié)。但對于特定的硬件設(shè)備來說，其對應(yīng)的設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序不同，所以不同外部設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序的開發(fā)是嵌入式軟件設(shè)計(jì)過程中必不可少的一部分。

　　Linux常以模塊的形式加載設(shè)備，便于多個(gè)設(shè)備的協(xié)調(diào)工作也利于應(yīng)用程序的開發(fā)和擴(kuò)展。設(shè)備驅(qū)動在加載時(shí)首先需要調(diào)用入口函數(shù)ini- t_module()。該函數(shù)完成設(shè)備驅(qū)動的初始化工作，比如寄存器置位、結(jié)構(gòu)體賦值等。其中最重要的一個(gè)工作就是向內(nèi)核注冊該設(shè)備，字符設(shè)備調(diào)用函數(shù) register_chrdev()完成注冊，塊設(shè)備調(diào)用函數(shù)reglster_blkdev()完成注冊。相應(yīng)地，設(shè)備驅(qū)動在卸載時(shí)需要調(diào)用 cleanup_mod-ule()。該函數(shù)完成相應(yīng)資源的回收、設(shè)備的注銷、釋放主設(shè)備號和設(shè)備文件名等。字符設(shè)備利用 unregister_chrdev()注銷設(shè)備，塊設(shè)備利用unregister_blkdev()注銷設(shè)備。

　　Linux內(nèi)核中，每個(gè)設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序都對應(yīng)一個(gè)file_operations數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。在file_operations數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)中，定義了一些與此設(shè)備相關(guān)的打開、關(guān)閉、讀／寫、控制等功能函數(shù)，當(dāng)用戶進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)調(diào)用時(shí)，將自動使用驅(qū)動程序中特定的函數(shù)來實(shí)現(xiàn)具體的操作。實(shí)際上，編寫設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序的過程也就是實(shí)現(xiàn)struct file_operations結(jié)構(gòu)中的部分所需函數(shù)的過程。

　　3．2 應(yīng)用程序設(shè)計(jì)

　　有了設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序提供底層硬件與應(yīng)用程序的接口，Linux系統(tǒng)訪問底層設(shè)備就像訪問普通文件一樣。例如，打開設(shè)備使用系統(tǒng)調(diào)用open()，關(guān)閉設(shè)備使用系統(tǒng)調(diào)用close()，讀／寫設(shè)備使用系統(tǒng)調(diào)用read()和write()等。應(yīng)用程序流程如圖4所示。首先系統(tǒng)上電復(fù)位，程序初始化，然后掃描鍵盤值，看是否有鍵值按下。若有，則進(jìn)行按鍵處理并按輸入步驟設(shè)置程序；若無，則開中斷并啟動A／D轉(zhuǎn)換，等待轉(zhuǎn)換完成產(chǎn)生中斷，進(jìn)入中斷服務(wù)程序。中斷服務(wù)程序流程如圖5所示。首先關(guān)閉中斷，讀取A／D采集數(shù)據(jù)，調(diào)用適用于緩變信號的中值濾波算法處理轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果，將連續(xù)采樣的5次采樣值按大小排序，取中間值為本次有效值。然后，存儲處理后的數(shù)據(jù)并送顯示器顯示。最后，從中斷返回到主程序中，再判斷當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)是否超過設(shè)定的臨界值。若大于臨界值，作報(bào)警處理；否則就開中斷，等待下一次轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)束。依此循環(huán)處理。

　　4 實(shí)驗(yàn)

　　在容積約70 m3的密閉實(shí)驗(yàn)室中，利用化學(xué)制氫法制取約40 ml氫氣，再用該系統(tǒng)來檢測環(huán)境中氫氣濃度值，實(shí)驗(yàn)界面如圖6所示。在界面中，顯示了當(dāng)前時(shí)間、當(dāng)前環(huán)境濃度值、超限與否提示、當(dāng)前通道以及1 h內(nèi)的濃度變化曲線。監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)確度、靈敏度、實(shí)時(shí)性等各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)基本達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求。

　　結(jié)語

　　本文介紹了信號的前端調(diào)理電路，為微處理器S3C2410移植了嵌入式Linux操作系統(tǒng)，并在該系統(tǒng)下完成了設(shè)備驅(qū)動程序和應(yīng)用程序的設(shè)計(jì)；利用軟件算法對A／D轉(zhuǎn)換后的信號進(jìn)行了數(shù)值處理，最后介紹了圖形用戶界面，可動態(tài)顯示當(dāng)前氫氣濃度值。該系統(tǒng)較好地滿足了對現(xiàn)場環(huán)境中氫氣濃度的實(shí)時(shí)動態(tài)監(jiān)測要求，系統(tǒng)體積小，功耗低，成本低；還可根據(jù)需求靈活配置，適合便攜式移動應(yīng)用的場合，且具有良好的準(zhǔn)確性、實(shí)時(shí)性和穩(wěn)定性。