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title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件" title="開源硬件">開源硬件(Open-Source Hardware，OSH）是應(yīng)半導(dǎo)體制造技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展和集成電路行業(yè)新的商業(yè)模式---付費IP而出現(xiàn)的，他還得益于開源軟件模式的成功和硬件描述手段的進(jìn)步。經(jīng)過近20年發(fā)展，開源軟件已深入人心并得到商用，成為軟件發(fā)展進(jìn)程中的重要組成部分，從而為開源硬件的發(fā)展提供了重要的參考模式；硬件描述語言如VHDL和VerilogHDL的發(fā)展，使得硬件設(shè)計" title="硬件設(shè)計">硬件設(shè)計模型能夠以軟件的形式存在并傳播。目前絕大部分開源硬件都是以硬件描述語言的形式出現(xiàn)的。

什么是開源硬件？ 

    開源硬件所指的源代碼公開，具有豐富的內(nèi)涵。開源組織對開源硬件的定義主要基于以下三點：

    1）所有的硬件設(shè)計文檔都是可以自由獲取的，包括原理圖、HDL源代碼和版圖文件等；

    2）基于硬件及其接口的所有軟件都是可以自由獲取的，包括接口驅(qū)動、指令集、軟件編譯器等；

    3）與硬件使用相關(guān)的所有文檔都是可以自由獲取的，包括軟件使用說明、硬件端口連接信息等。

    總之，只有在修改、實現(xiàn)和使用該硬件所需的全部信息都可以自由獲取情況下，該硬件才算是符合真正開放源代碼的規(guī)范。當(dāng)前絕大部分開源硬件都是以基于（L）GPL許可證的HDL形式發(fā)布的。

開源硬件的意義

    開源硬件通過共享技術(shù)文檔和IP模式的方式，使設(shè)計者可以在已有的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計出新的系統(tǒng)，避免了不必要的重復(fù)勞動，使新系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)時間減少，成本降低。

    開源使硬件設(shè)計和開發(fā)變得更加規(guī)范可靠。開源硬件的設(shè)計文檔可以在開放平等的基礎(chǔ)上供公眾審查，在相互借鑒和比較的基礎(chǔ)上，硬件單元的設(shè)計能夠變得有序和規(guī)范。而且，開源設(shè)計由于不存在技術(shù)保密問題而隨時可以獲得眾多的支持，不斷的改進(jìn)和充分的驗證必然使開源硬件變得更加可靠。

    開源硬件使其他設(shè)計者可以從中學(xué)習(xí)并相互交流，使硬件的總體水平不斷得到提升。 

    隨著芯片設(shè)計越來越大，芯片設(shè)計越來越向SOC方向邁進(jìn)，也就是在一個芯片中集成很多現(xiàn)有的IP核，以達(dá)到快速設(shè)計出系統(tǒng)的目的。這時，IP核的可重用性和可更改性就成了最關(guān)鍵的問題。而開放源碼" title="開放源碼">開放源碼的IP核的無疑在這方面具有先天優(yōu)勢。因此，很多商業(yè)公司也逐漸加入了開放源碼硬件的行列，例如，SUN公司、IBM公司。 

開源硬件的產(chǎn)生及現(xiàn)狀

    開放源碼硬件的產(chǎn)生可以追溯到1998年。當(dāng)時，Delft University of Technology 的一些學(xué)生和老師在互連網(wǎng)上發(fā)起Open Design Circuits Group，目的是開放電路設(shè)計并把它發(fā)布在網(wǎng)上，盡管這個小組的活動逐漸稀少， 但它啟發(fā)了后來最著名的兩個開放源碼硬件網(wǎng)站的產(chǎn)生：Opencores 和 OpenIPcore（2000年，OpenIPcore 合并入Opencores）。越來越多的學(xué)校學(xué)生選擇把他們的設(shè)計公布到網(wǎng)上，并把許多功能集成到一起，以期完成很復(fù)雜的功能。  

    中國有案可查的開放源碼硬件項目是2001年3月啟動的OpenARM項目。在“中國芯“盛行的幾年里，不少學(xué)校和研究單位參考開放源碼的處理器設(shè)計了自己的微處理器，這個時期，中國利用開放源碼硬件的資源進(jìn)行IC設(shè)計的方法開始悄然流行。 

    2008年4月20日，賽靈思舉辦的“中國電子學(xué)會" title="中國電子學(xué)會">中國電子學(xué)會Xilinx杯開放源碼硬件創(chuàng)新大賽” 在無錫國家集成電路基地經(jīng)過緊張的最后一輪顛峰對決和評委們的遴選，終于圓滿閉幕。此次大賽歷時一年，共有來自近 50 所高校的 170 多支隊伍，約1000 多位在校研究生和博士生組隊參加了此次大賽，最后進(jìn)入決賽階段的共20多支隊伍。來自北京郵電大學(xué)的“WCDMA系統(tǒng)字頻數(shù)域干擾抵消器”項目最終摘取桂冠，載譽(yù)而歸。中國電子學(xué)會秘書長劉明亮說：“首屆‘中國電子學(xué)會Xilinx杯開放源碼硬件創(chuàng)新大賽’結(jié)合了企業(yè)、高校、產(chǎn)業(yè)界三大領(lǐng)域的優(yōu)勢，成果累累，是推進(jìn)設(shè)計行業(yè)發(fā)展的一大創(chuàng)新，充分展示了開放源碼硬件對于涉及行業(yè)創(chuàng)新所發(fā)揮的積極作用。我們希望這次活動不是不是開放源碼硬件的結(jié)束，而是一個人才聚集的開始。愿更多的設(shè)計人才和像賽靈思這樣的行業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)廠商加入到推進(jìn)開放源碼硬件的行列中來。”賽靈思公司承諾， 2009年將繼續(xù)攜手中國電子學(xué)會舉行下一屆開放源碼硬件大賽，繼續(xù)支持基于下一代FPGA設(shè)計的創(chuàng)新人才培養(yǎng)事業(yè)。 

    中國科學(xué)院院士許居衍在《半導(dǎo)體特征循環(huán)與可重構(gòu)芯片》中指出：“可重構(gòu)技術(shù)是一個難度頗大，涉及面甚廣的課題，盡管當(dāng)前很多人在研究，但是無論在器件結(jié)構(gòu)、系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)還是在設(shè)計方法學(xué)方面，均存在不少問題，仍有很長的路要走。我們相信，可重構(gòu)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，終將推動主流應(yīng)用進(jìn)入U-SoC通用波動，僅僅通過對“毛坯芯片”（Raw Chip）的配置編程就可以得到用戶自定義的功能電路，從而引導(dǎo)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)演變，促進(jìn)不做芯片設(shè)計而專事芯片應(yīng)用創(chuàng)新的Designless商業(yè)模式的新興起。” 

    開源硬件設(shè)計發(fā)展上的最大障礙在于其硬件物理實現(xiàn)上的困難?？删幊踢壿嬈骷?PLD)， 特別是現(xiàn)場可編程門陣列（FPGA）， 以其快速靈活，初期投入成本低廉， 成為開放源碼硬件最適合的開發(fā)平臺。因此，Opencores的設(shè)計主要都是在FPGA上進(jìn)行。許院士認(rèn)為， FPGA在設(shè)計領(lǐng)域中正逐步從以前的配角變?yōu)橹鹘?，這是半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)品特征循環(huán)的必然結(jié)果。這也解釋了賽靈思公司熱衷推動開源硬件發(fā)展的原因。 

開源硬件面臨的挑戰(zhàn)

    開放源碼硬件從誕生到現(xiàn)在將近１０年了，很多人為它的發(fā)展付出了大量的努力，　但至今采用開放源碼硬件運(yùn)用在實際應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)中的案例幾乎沒有。究其原因，開放源碼硬件面臨的問題和挑戰(zhàn)主要有： 

    1)免費EDA工具的獲取。　  

    盡管有Alliance 和 gEDA 等EDA工具可供使用，但它的功能和易用性與商業(yè)EDA軟件相比還是不能相提并論。對于“非完美主義”的開放源碼硬件設(shè)計者來說，適當(dāng)采用商業(yè)軟件是一個可以考慮的方案。在商業(yè)軟件中，由于FPGA廠商的軟件工具（比如XILINX的ISE, EDK,CHIPSCOPE,SYSTEM GENERATOR等）可以通過大學(xué)計劃獲得捐贈，使得利用強(qiáng)大商業(yè)軟件的支持進(jìn)行開放源碼硬件設(shè)計變得可能?！?br />     2)板卡制造成本
    自己制作一塊FPGA原型系統(tǒng)板的成本是相當(dāng)可觀的，　
    3)上市時間
    在電子產(chǎn)品數(shù)月就換代的時代，上市時間是電子系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的一個關(guān)鍵因素，即使是采用商業(yè)IP,  都有可能遇到意想不到的整合問題；而 目前開放源碼硬件在文檔完備性，穩(wěn)定性上，技術(shù)支持方面存在的諸多問題，更是使務(wù)實的設(shè)計者望而確步。
    4)軟件豐富性和工具鏈問題
    如果采用開放源碼的處理器，這就意味著從指令集到編譯器到調(diào)試器都是重新開發(fā)的，幾乎所有的軟件都需要移植和重新編譯，這使得開放源碼的處理器的開發(fā)尤其困難。
    5)廠商支持 
    Linux得以蓬勃發(fā)展，除了廣大愛好者的奉獻(xiàn)之外，IBM 等大公司的積極推動也起了非常大的作用。 而開放源碼硬件的發(fā)展，也離不開相關(guān)硬件廠商的支持。　

    正是由于這些挑戰(zhàn)的存在，開放源碼硬件的活動目前更多的集中在大學(xué)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)中，尤其在不發(fā)達(dá)國家中，更多得起著硬件設(shè)計知識傳播的作用。

    開源硬件與開源軟件的起步階段類似，也存在開源硬件來源少、許可制度不完善、開源硬件組織松散以及缺乏有效的商業(yè)盈利模式等諸多問題。盡管如此，開源硬件設(shè)計以其良好的開放性將不可避免地對硬件技術(shù)產(chǎn)生重大影響，將有更多商業(yè)公司加入開放源碼硬件的行列，最終使整個硬件設(shè)計行業(yè)受益。