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《電子商務(wù)協(xié)議》文本下我國(guó)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)規(guī)則的檢視與完善
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理
何云富，趙慶超
西南民族大學(xué)法學(xué)院
摘要： WTO電子商務(wù)談判的目標(biāo)是在現(xiàn)有的協(xié)定與框架基礎(chǔ)上，建立高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的國(guó)際電子商務(wù)規(guī)則。2024年7月6日，電子商務(wù)談判達(dá)到了新的里程碑，達(dá)成了一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的《電子商務(wù)協(xié)議》文本?！峨娮由虅?wù)協(xié)議》文本中的數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)規(guī)則圍繞著個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)和例外條款構(gòu)建，以協(xié)同治理為理念，流動(dòng)性?xún)?yōu)化為準(zhǔn)則，限制流動(dòng)為例外。我國(guó)的數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)規(guī)則平衡發(fā)展與安全的理念能夠與《電子商務(wù)協(xié)議》文本的建構(gòu)理念相契合；我國(guó)數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)本地化和數(shù)據(jù)出境制度能夠滿足《電子商務(wù)協(xié)議》文本個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)條款和相關(guān)例外條款的規(guī)定，數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)規(guī)則能夠與《電子商務(wù)協(xié)議》文本相協(xié)調(diào)。但是，需要對(duì)國(guó)家重要數(shù)據(jù)目錄進(jìn)行改進(jìn)和完善。
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)：D922.294文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2025.08.007
引用格式：何云富，趙慶超. 《電子商務(wù)協(xié)議》文本下我國(guó)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)規(guī)則的檢視與完善［J］.網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理，2025，44（8）：46-52.
Review and refinement of China′s cross-border data flow rules under the E-Commerce Agreement framework
He Yunfu, Zhao Qingchao
Law School, Southwest Minzu University
Abstract： The goal of the World Trade Organization(WTO) e-commerce negotiations is to establish high-standard international e-commerce rules on the basis of existing agreements and frameworks. On July 6, 2024, the e-commerce negotiations reached a new milestone, and a stable text of the "E-Commerce Agreement" was reached. The rules on cross-border data flow in the text of the "E-Commerce Agreement" are constructed around the protection of personal data and exception clauses, taking collaborative governance as the concept and liquidity optimization as the principle, with restricted data flow being the exception. The concept of balancing development and security in China′s rules on cross-border data flow can be in line with the construction concept of the text of the "E-Commerce Agreement"; China′s data storage localization and data outbound system can meet the provisions of the personal data protection clauses and relevant exception clauses in the text of the "E-Commerce Agreement", and the rules on cross-border data flow can be coordinated with the text of the "E-commerce Agreement". However, it is necessary to improve and perfect the catalog of important national data.
Key words : E-Commerce Agreement; cross-border data flows; personal data protection

引言

在全球化時(shí)代，數(shù)據(jù)增長(zhǎng)迅猛，國(guó)際數(shù)據(jù)公司（IDC）預(yù)測(cè)，到2028年全球數(shù)據(jù)量將增長(zhǎng)至393.8 ZB，相比于2018年增長(zhǎng)9.8倍。數(shù)據(jù)作為新的生產(chǎn)要素在流動(dòng)中產(chǎn)生價(jià)值也必然具有外部性，數(shù)據(jù)治理因此成為促進(jìn)數(shù)字貿(mào)易健康發(fā)展的題中應(yīng)有之義。然而，全球數(shù)據(jù)治理問(wèn)題突出，難以達(dá)成共識(shí)，這與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)依賴(lài)數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的現(xiàn)狀不相匹配，致使難以完全發(fā)揮數(shù)據(jù)的生產(chǎn)要素驅(qū)動(dòng)作用。2019年，76個(gè)世界貿(mào)易組織（World Trade Organization,WTO）成員正式啟動(dòng)與貿(mào)易相關(guān)的電子商務(wù)談判，目標(biāo)是在現(xiàn)有的協(xié)定與框架基礎(chǔ)上，建立高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的國(guó)際電子商務(wù)規(guī)則。但因成員眾多，利益不同，談判進(jìn)展緩慢。在數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)、數(shù)據(jù)本地化、電子傳輸免關(guān)稅、源代碼披露和算法公開(kāi)等問(wèn)題上，各國(guó)立場(chǎng)仍然存在顯著分歧。截至2024年7月，共有91個(gè)WTO成員參與了電子商務(wù)談判，并達(dá)成了一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的《電子商務(wù)協(xié)議》文本（以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《協(xié)議》文本）。數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)議題作為各方面關(guān)注的核心問(wèn)題，被認(rèn)為是談判面臨最大挑戰(zhàn)［1］。本文基于WTO電子商務(wù)談判取得的最新成果，依據(jù)《協(xié)議》文本數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)相關(guān)規(guī)定，對(duì)我國(guó)的數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)規(guī)則展開(kāi)審視，探尋限制數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)舉措在《協(xié)議》文本框架下的合法依據(jù)，進(jìn)而推動(dòng)相關(guān)規(guī)則的完善。


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作者信息：

何云富，趙慶超

（西南民族大學(xué)法學(xué)院，四川成都610041）


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