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元宇宙環(huán)境中版權(quán)保護(hù)的邏輯轉(zhuǎn)型與規(guī)則發(fā)展
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理
胡浩翔1,呂昊然2
1.浙江金道律師事務(wù)所;2.清華大學(xué)中國科技政策研究中心
摘要: 在元宇宙數(shù)字生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,作品版權(quán)與數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)利確認(rèn)呈現(xiàn)出“數(shù)據(jù)—數(shù)據(jù)段落—作品”的基本權(quán)利框架。元宇宙環(huán)境中數(shù)字內(nèi)容極易復(fù)制和傳播,用戶對其版權(quán)作品的控制能力顯著削弱,導(dǎo)致傳統(tǒng)版權(quán)法中以權(quán)利限制為核心的利益平衡保護(hù)模式已然部分失靈。有鑒于此,元宇宙環(huán)境中的版權(quán)保護(hù)進(jìn)路應(yīng)當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)向基于算法控制和算法反壟斷而生的“新利益平衡”格局。這將意味著從權(quán)利產(chǎn)生邏輯、權(quán)利歸屬邏輯、權(quán)利流轉(zhuǎn)邏輯三個(gè)維度顛覆版權(quán)的權(quán)利邏輯,并能夠以算法救濟(jì)、分布式自治組織救濟(jì)等新型方式突破原有救濟(jì)邏輯的局限,為權(quán)利人提供高效而有力的保護(hù)和激勵(lì)機(jī)制。元宇宙的版權(quán)保護(hù)模式應(yīng)當(dāng)適應(yīng)不同技術(shù)發(fā)展階段的特征,首先在現(xiàn)有法律規(guī)范內(nèi)部進(jìn)行調(diào)和,其次制定元宇宙環(huán)境的創(chuàng)新性規(guī)則,服務(wù)于技術(shù)不斷彌合虛實(shí)相生的兩重世界的目標(biāo)。
中圖分類號:D923.4文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2025.04.010
引用格式:胡浩翔,呂昊然. 元宇宙環(huán)境中版權(quán)保護(hù)的邏輯轉(zhuǎn)型與規(guī)則發(fā)展[J].網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理,2025,44(4):66-72.
The logical transformation and rule development of copyright protection in the Metaverse environment
Hu Haoxiang1,Lv Haoran2
1. Zhejiang Brighteous Law Firm; 2. China Institute for Science and Technology Policy at Tsinghua University
Abstract: In the Metaverse digital ecosystem, the confirmation of work copyright and data rights presents a fundamental legal framework of "data-data segment-work". In the Metaverse environment, digital content is extremely easy to copy and spread, and users′ ability to control their copyrighted works is significantly weakened, resulting in the partial failure of the interest balance protection model centered on rights restrictions in traditional copyright law. In view of this, the approach to copyright protection in the Metaverse environment should shift to a "new balance of interests" pattern born of algorithm control and algorithm anti monopoly. The emergence of this new pattern will mean undermining the rights logic of copyright from three dimensions: the logic of right generation,right assignment,and right transfer.Furthermore, "new balance of interests" pattern will break through the limitations of the original relief logic in new ways such as algorithm based relief and distributed autonomous organization relief, providing efficient and powerful protection and incentive mechanisms for the obligee. Under the iterative evolution of technology, the copyright protection model in the Metaverse should adapt to the characteristics of different technological development stages. Firstly, it should harmonise within existing legal norms. Secondly, innovative rules of the Metaverse environment should be formulated to serve the goal of constantly bridging the dual world in which technology creates virtual reality.
Key words : Metaverse; copyright rules;data rights; "new balance of interests" pattern

引言

元宇宙”是運(yùn)用區(qū)塊鏈、人工智能、大數(shù)據(jù)等新型技術(shù)搭建的虛擬世界,作為技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)型與數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)熱點(diǎn)之一而備受關(guān)注。近年來,多地政府將元宇宙產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展寫入年度政府工作報(bào)告中,為地方相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)布局提供具體的政策指引。2023年8月,工業(yè)和信息化部辦公廳等五部委更是專門印發(fā)《元宇宙產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展三年行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(2023-2025年)》,指出“元宇宙是數(shù)字與物理世界融通作用的沉浸式互聯(lián)空間,是新一代信息技術(shù)集成創(chuàng)新和應(yīng)用的未來產(chǎn)業(yè),是數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)與實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)融合的高級形態(tài)”,為元宇宙產(chǎn)業(yè)的“虛實(shí)互促”擘畫出明確的發(fā)展藍(lán)圖。然而,元宇宙產(chǎn)業(yè)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展在促進(jìn)多項(xiàng)技術(shù)集成應(yīng)用、多場景動(dòng)態(tài)整合的同時(shí),也將會(huì)對元宇宙環(huán)境中版權(quán)保護(hù)的基本邏輯與規(guī)則產(chǎn)生顛覆性的影響。

元宇宙環(huán)境中的版權(quán)保護(hù)正呈現(xiàn)出不同以往的嶄新格局。正如有學(xué)者指出,其時(shí)空和場景均具可編輯性,因此版權(quán)保護(hù)需涵蓋具體與抽象等不同層級;元宇宙中虛擬數(shù)字人、自然人、機(jī)器人多重主體共相交互,將重構(gòu)版權(quán)歸屬和侵權(quán)責(zé)任機(jī)制;此外,數(shù)字產(chǎn)品也需克服種種價(jià)值問題[1]。也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,元宇宙時(shí)代意味著用戶主權(quán)、版權(quán)主體獲益權(quán)、表達(dá)自由權(quán)的勃興,創(chuàng)作主體地位更加平等、平臺(tái)壟斷愈發(fā)削弱,凸顯出人本主義的版權(quán)保護(hù)理念[2]。還有研究將元宇宙版權(quán)保護(hù)面臨的諸多新挑戰(zhàn)歸納為版權(quán)客體、專有權(quán)利以及合理使用制度的三重?cái)U(kuò)張[3]。

在這種情境下,傳統(tǒng)版權(quán)法體系中以創(chuàng)作者、作品為核心的既有利益平衡模式亦將受到嚴(yán)重沖擊,進(jìn)而應(yīng)當(dāng)向著以大型協(xié)同共創(chuàng)、數(shù)據(jù)與作品密切聯(lián)系的“新利益平衡”格局漸次轉(zhuǎn)型。版權(quán)法兼具保護(hù)私人權(quán)利與維護(hù)公共利益的雙重目的,利益平衡是版權(quán)保護(hù)規(guī)則價(jià)值構(gòu)造的基礎(chǔ)內(nèi)核。應(yīng)對元宇宙環(huán)境中構(gòu)建版權(quán)規(guī)則所面臨的數(shù)字生態(tài)新挑戰(zhàn),首先需要明晰其中“新利益平衡”格局的具體情勢。本文力求厘清元宇宙的本質(zhì)及其與版權(quán)、版權(quán)保護(hù)規(guī)則之間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系,探究新技術(shù)、新模式、新格局共同影響下元宇宙環(huán)境中版權(quán)保護(hù)的邏輯轉(zhuǎn)型與規(guī)則變革,以期為元宇宙的版權(quán)保護(hù)規(guī)則和糾紛化解提供可行的理論框架。


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作者信息:

胡浩翔1,呂昊然2

(1.浙江金道律師事務(wù)所,浙江杭州310005;

2.清華大學(xué)中國科技政策研究中心,北京100084)


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