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數(shù)據(jù)主權(quán)下CPTPP安全例外條款適用困境及其紓解
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理
陳思怡
湖南師范大學(xué)法學(xué)院
摘要： CPTPP沿用的WTO安全例外條款已難以應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)前大數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代的挑戰(zhàn)。數(shù)據(jù)主權(quán)理論能夠有效紓解CPTPP安全例外條款所面臨的理論困境。為此，應(yīng)當(dāng)肯定爭(zhēng)端裁判機(jī)構(gòu)的管轄權(quán)，至于自裁決的范圍可由專家組自行判斷，或是考慮該成員方向WTO遞交的相關(guān)意見書；從規(guī)則層面，應(yīng)將可能直接威脅國(guó)家主權(quán)的非傳統(tǒng)安全問(wèn)題納入到“基本安全利益”的范圍，明確列舉可適用的情形；從程序方面，應(yīng)完善安全例外條款的程序要求，以防范安全例外條款的濫用。
中圖分類號(hào)：D996文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2024.07.014
引用格式：陳思怡.數(shù)據(jù)主權(quán)下CPTPP安全例外條款適用困境及其紓解［J］.網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理，2024，43（7）：95-101.
The dilemma of the application of the CPTPP security exception provision under data sovereignty and relief
Chen Siyi
School of Law, Hunan Normal University
Abstract： The WTO security exception followed by the CPTPP is no longer able to cope with the challenges of the current Big Data era. The theory of data sovereignty can effectively alleviate the theoretical dilemma faced by the CPTPP security exception. In this regard, the jurisdiction of the dispute adjudication body should be affirmed, and the scope of self-adjudication can be judged by the panel itself or by considering the relevant submissions submitted by the member to the WTO; from the rules level, non-traditional security issues that may directly threaten national sovereignty should be included in the scope of the "essential security interests", and the applicable circumstances should be clearly listed; from the procedural aspect, the procedural requirements for security exception should be improved to prevent the abuse of security exception.
Key words : security exception clause; national security; data sovereignty; cross-border flow of data

引言

在數(shù)據(jù)全球化時(shí)代，經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易已從傳統(tǒng)的線下模式轉(zhuǎn)向數(shù)字貿(mào)易模式，二戰(zhàn)以來(lái)所建立的GATT/WTO傳統(tǒng)規(guī)則已無(wú)法應(yīng)對(duì)數(shù)字貿(mào)易所帶來(lái)的新挑戰(zhàn)，國(guó)際社會(huì)呼喚全新的數(shù)字貿(mào)易規(guī)則。而現(xiàn)實(shí)是世界各國(guó)之間，特別是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間，數(shù)字貿(mào)易規(guī)則和政策的制定各有差異，在WTO框架下制定數(shù)字貿(mào)易規(guī)則進(jìn)程較慢，難以達(dá)成共識(shí)。近年來(lái)，許多區(qū)域和雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)定的締結(jié)更加注重?cái)?shù)據(jù)的跨境流動(dòng)，并設(shè)立電子商務(wù)專章規(guī)制數(shù)字貿(mào)易等行為。《美國(guó)-墨西哥-加拿大協(xié)定》（United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement，USMCA）、《數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定》（Digital Economy Partnership Agreement，DEPA）、《區(qū)域全面經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定》（Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership，RCEP）、《全面與進(jìn)步跨太平洋伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定》（Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for TransPacific Partnership，CPTPP）等經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)定均規(guī)定了數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)相關(guān)條款。在大規(guī)模的數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)過(guò)程中，存在著對(duì)國(guó)家主權(quán)和安全的潛在威脅。安全例外條款作為數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)的“安全閥”，允許國(guó)家在其安全利益受到威脅之時(shí)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的跨境流動(dòng)進(jìn)行一定的限制，以維護(hù)國(guó)家安全。而CPTPP規(guī)定的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制度規(guī)范鼓勵(lì)數(shù)據(jù)的自由流動(dòng)，引發(fā)各成員國(guó)對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)安全和國(guó)家安全的擔(dān)憂。由于CPTPP安全例外條款條文較為簡(jiǎn)單，相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)具有模糊性，探討該條的適用具有重要意義。


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作者信息：

陳思怡

（湖南師范大學(xué)法學(xué)院，湖南長(zhǎng)沙410081）


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