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論數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán):個(gè)體與社會(huì)雙重視角下的限制
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理
王策
青海民族大學(xué)法學(xué)院
摘要: 在數(shù)據(jù)成為關(guān)鍵生產(chǎn)要素的背景下,數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)在數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)中具有重要意義?;跀?shù)據(jù)處理流程,數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)的客體被限定為合法取得的原始數(shù)據(jù),不包括經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)一步加工的數(shù)據(jù)集合。數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)方式包括有限控制的持有、有限范圍的收益和方式受限的處分。權(quán)利實(shí)現(xiàn)方式受到雙重限制。在個(gè)體層面,個(gè)體同意是數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)實(shí)施的基礎(chǔ),商業(yè)秘密和數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源者權(quán)利是權(quán)利實(shí)施的邊界。在社會(huì)層面,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法和合理使用原則限制數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法約束權(quán)利以維護(hù)市場(chǎng)公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng),合理使用原則平衡數(shù)據(jù)持有者與公眾利益,其適用條件包括非商業(yè)性利用、科研教育及公益研究。
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):D922.16文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2025.01.016引用格式:王策. 論數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán):個(gè)體與社會(huì)雙重視角下的限制[J].網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理,2025,44(1):98-103,109.
Data resource holding right: limitations from the dual perspectives of the individual and society
Wang Ce
School of Law,Qinghai Minzu University
Abstract: In the context where data has become a key factor of production, the data resource holding right holds significant importance in the digital economy. Based on the data processing procedure, the object of the data resource holding right is defined as the original data obtained legally, excluding data sets that have undergone further processing.The realization of the data resource holding right includes limited control of possession, limited scope of profit, and disposition with restricted methods. The ways of realizing this right are subject to dual restrictions. At the individual level, individual consent is the foundation for the implementation of the data resource holding right, while trade secrets and the rights of data originators constitute the boundaries of its implementation. At the societal level, competition law and the principle of fair use restrict the Data Resource Holding Right. Competition law restricts the right to maintain fair market competition, while the principle of fair use balances the interests of data holders and the public. The applicable conditions of the principle of fair use include non-commercial use, scientific research and education, as well as public welfare research.
Key words : data resource holding right; individual rights; social interests; legal restrictions

引言

在數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代,數(shù)據(jù)作為新型生產(chǎn)要素,已廣泛融入生產(chǎn)、流通與服務(wù)各環(huán)節(jié),成為推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要資源。數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)制度建設(shè)奠定了數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),也成為國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分。2022年12月19日,中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布的《關(guān)于構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)制度更好發(fā)揮數(shù)據(jù)要素作用的意見(jiàn)》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“數(shù)據(jù)二十條”),提出了數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)、數(shù)據(jù)加工使用權(quán)和數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)的“三權(quán)分置”制度。數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)涉及對(duì)原始數(shù)據(jù)的收集與整合,數(shù)據(jù)加工使用權(quán)則針對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)集合的處理與利用,數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)則側(cè)重?cái)?shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品的商業(yè)應(yīng)用。原始數(shù)據(jù),指合法獲取的未經(jīng)加工的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),包括個(gè)人信息、商業(yè)信息等,是數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中最基礎(chǔ)的權(quán)利客體,也是后續(xù)數(shù)據(jù)加工和產(chǎn)品化的基礎(chǔ)。在此背景下,梳理數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)的演進(jìn)路徑顯得尤為關(guān)鍵?!睹穹倓t》第127條首次明確了數(shù)據(jù)的財(cái)產(chǎn)屬性。最新的《反不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法》新增了對(duì)“電子侵入”等不正當(dāng)行為的限制,確認(rèn)了通過(guò)爬取等數(shù)據(jù)收集手段獲取商業(yè)秘密的不正當(dāng)性。《個(gè)人信息保護(hù)法》確立了“知情同意”原則,要求收集個(gè)人信息相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)需要數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源者知情并同意?!稊?shù)據(jù)安全法》則從國(guó)家安全和公共利益的角度,規(guī)定數(shù)據(jù)處理活動(dòng)必須依法進(jìn)行,確保不損害國(guó)家安全或公共利益。隨著數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,數(shù)據(jù)壟斷問(wèn)題逐漸顯現(xiàn),嚴(yán)重影響市場(chǎng)公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。為此,2022年《反壟斷法》修訂草案新增了數(shù)據(jù)條款,旨在限制數(shù)據(jù)資源持有者濫用市場(chǎng)地位,維護(hù)公共利益?!皵?shù)據(jù)二十條”通過(guò)“三權(quán)分置”制度,明確了數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)的邊界,推動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。基于這一法律框架,學(xué)界對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)確權(quán)的必要性及不同規(guī)制模式進(jìn)行了深入探討。數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)理念得到了廣泛的認(rèn)同,其理論基礎(chǔ)涵蓋了多個(gè)角度。從法經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度而言,科斯定理強(qiáng)調(diào)明確的產(chǎn)權(quán)能夠減少外部性干擾,促進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)流通和資源有效配置,進(jìn)而推動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展[1]。洛克的勞動(dòng)財(cái)產(chǎn)理論則認(rèn)為,對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)處理者投入智力勞動(dòng)生成的衍生數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品予以財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)具有正當(dāng)性。關(guān)于規(guī)制數(shù)據(jù)的模式,學(xué)術(shù)界存在兩種主要觀點(diǎn):賦權(quán)模式和行為規(guī)制模式。賦權(quán)模式參考物權(quán)或者知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),主張通過(guò)建立數(shù)據(jù)財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)[2]、數(shù)據(jù)用益物權(quán)[3]、數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)[4]或數(shù)據(jù)鄰接權(quán)[5-7]等權(quán)利框架來(lái)明確數(shù)據(jù)的法律地位。賦權(quán)模式面臨諸如權(quán)利客體的非排他性、權(quán)利主體的多元化等困境,難以全面覆蓋數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)利的復(fù)雜性[8]。而行為規(guī)制模式通過(guò)約束他人行為,為數(shù)據(jù)資源持有者間接創(chuàng)造利益空間,彌補(bǔ)了數(shù)據(jù)賦權(quán)模式在權(quán)利客體、權(quán)利主體及權(quán)利內(nèi)容等方面的不足。其主要手段包括合同約定和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為約束。有學(xué)者指出,計(jì)算機(jī)信息的出售或通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)提供服務(wù),根據(jù)不同情境可以構(gòu)成買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同、承攬合同或租賃合同[9]。如果數(shù)據(jù)處理行為對(duì)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)秩序產(chǎn)生損害則可以考慮使用《反不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法》的一般性條款予以規(guī)制[10],或者根據(jù)具體的損害情況,分析不同的損害情形,從商業(yè)秘密條款、兜底條款和一般條款規(guī)制這三種路徑予以規(guī)制[11]。


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作者信息:

王策

(青海民族大學(xué)法學(xué)院,青海西寧810000)


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