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數(shù)據(jù)治理的群體方案:基于數(shù)據(jù)群體影響的視角
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理
王秋茹
中南財(cái)經(jīng)政法大學(xué)法律碩士教育中心
摘要: 數(shù)據(jù)的價(jià)值源于數(shù)據(jù)的收集及處理后呈現(xiàn)出來的群體特征,但是既有的數(shù)據(jù)治理模式均強(qiáng)調(diào)將數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)利內(nèi)化為數(shù)據(jù)主體的個(gè)人權(quán)利。個(gè)人主義的數(shù)據(jù)主體權(quán)利無法代表數(shù)據(jù)群體層面的影響,數(shù)據(jù)群體影響在數(shù)據(jù)的治理中應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫匠浞值目剂?,缺乏這種考量,數(shù)據(jù)治理無法真正維護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)的社會(huì)效益,其實(shí)效無法得到充分發(fā)揮。如何妥當(dāng)?shù)貙?shù)據(jù)群體影響納入數(shù)據(jù)治理模式之中,需要更多依靠集體形式的數(shù)據(jù)治理模式,數(shù)據(jù)信托等數(shù)據(jù)集體管理模式可以為建立數(shù)據(jù)群體治理方案提供可行的建議。應(yīng)當(dāng)從數(shù)據(jù)收集合法性邊界、數(shù)據(jù)管理機(jī)制、數(shù)據(jù)使用機(jī)制及數(shù)據(jù)問責(zé)機(jī)制三個(gè)機(jī)制出發(fā),重新制定數(shù)據(jù)群體治理方案,實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)更完善的治理模式。
中圖分類號(hào):D922文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2025.01.008引用格式:王秋茹. 數(shù)據(jù)治理的群體方案:基于數(shù)據(jù)群體影響的視角[J].網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理,2025,44(1):48-53.
A group approach of data governance: based on a data group impact perspective
Wang Qiuru
Master of Law Education Center,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law
Abstract: The value of data lies in the collective characteristics that emerge from its collection and processing. However, existing data governance models primarily emphasize internalizing data rights as individual rights of data subjects. Individualistic data subject rights cannot represent the impact at the collective level of data. The collective impact of data should be fully considered in data governance. Without considering this collective impact, data governance cannot truly safeguard the social benefits of data, and its effectiveness cannot be fully realized. To properly incorporate the collective impact of data into data governance models, there is a need to rely more on collective forms of data governance. Data collective management models such as data trusts can provide feasible suggestions for establishing data collective governance solutions. It is necessary to reformulate data collective governance solutions from three mechanisms: the legal boundaries of data collection, data management mechanisms, data use mechanisms, and data accountability mechanisms, to achieve a more comprehensive data governance model.
Key words : data governance; group influence; relationship theory

引言

自進(jìn)入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代以來,數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模不斷發(fā)展壯大,成為了國家經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要組成部分?!度驍?shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)白皮書(2023年)》顯示,2022年,美國、中國、德國、日本、韓國5個(gè)主要國家的數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)總量為31萬億美元,數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)占GDP比重為58%,較2016年提升約11個(gè)百分點(diǎn);數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模同比增長百分比可觀,數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷帶動(dòng)國家發(fā)展。肖沙娜·朱伯夫提出信息資本主義,其指收集、處理數(shù)據(jù)以獲取、積累財(cái)富的新型生產(chǎn)模式,也即將數(shù)據(jù)從機(jī)器內(nèi)的可讀形式文本轉(zhuǎn)化為生產(chǎn)資源[1]。隨著Google成功地將無用的廢棄數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行“提純”,提取出“行為盈余”,塑造了一種新的資本積累邏輯[2],越來越多的企業(yè)通過收集用戶的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)用戶進(jìn)行預(yù)測,使得用戶的行為不斷透明化,并從中積累財(cái)富。其邏輯大致有三,一是直接出售數(shù)據(jù),但莽撞地出售數(shù)據(jù)易觸犯法律,侵犯數(shù)據(jù)主體的權(quán)益或者侵犯某一群體的利益。二是利用所收集的數(shù)據(jù)反作用于企業(yè)生產(chǎn)。三是對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析后預(yù)測用戶行為,從而改變用戶行為。典型如抖音應(yīng)用軟件,其利用“推薦”頁面,展示出由抖音專用推薦引擎生成的視頻集合。數(shù)據(jù)價(jià)值更多來源于對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶的行為影響,其底層邏輯在于數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)群體的影響。索洛姆·維爾瓊提出的數(shù)據(jù)的社會(huì)關(guān)系理論表明,不同的數(shù)據(jù)主體之間具備極強(qiáng)的關(guān)聯(lián)性,這種關(guān)聯(lián)性恰恰印證了數(shù)據(jù)的群體影響。對(duì)群體中個(gè)體的影響將間接影響整個(gè)群體,群體中個(gè)體的行為也將影響整個(gè)群體,數(shù)據(jù)個(gè)體將被淹沒于群體之中使得數(shù)據(jù)個(gè)體的利益遠(yuǎn)沒有數(shù)據(jù)群體的利益重要。我國于2022年12月19日印發(fā)《關(guān)于構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)制度更好發(fā)揮數(shù)據(jù)要素作用的意見》(以下簡稱“數(shù)據(jù)二十條”),以三權(quán)分置為框架,聚焦數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)權(quán)、流通交易、收益分配、安全治理四大重點(diǎn)方向,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)行進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)、全面的規(guī)制。但是無論是國內(nèi)強(qiáng)調(diào)以“數(shù)據(jù)流通交易”為核心的數(shù)據(jù)治理模式,還是美國立足于“個(gè)人信息保護(hù)”的數(shù)據(jù)治理模式,抑或是歐盟強(qiáng)調(diào)事前“知情-同意”的數(shù)據(jù)治理模式,均是將數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)化為數(shù)據(jù)主體的權(quán)利,忽略了數(shù)據(jù)的群體影響。為此,需從數(shù)據(jù)治理的個(gè)人賦權(quán)模式出發(fā),探討“用戶賦權(quán)”模式的失靈及數(shù)據(jù)群體影響對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)治理的正當(dāng)性,從數(shù)據(jù)收集模式及數(shù)據(jù)管理機(jī)制入手,變革數(shù)據(jù)治理方案。


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作者信息:

王秋茹

(中南財(cái)經(jīng)政法大學(xué)法律碩士教育中心,湖北武漢430000)


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