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網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪抽樣取證的實(shí)踐困境與完善
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理
劉宇浩
中國(guó)人民公安大學(xué)法學(xué)院
摘要: 信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代,網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪的海量證據(jù)引發(fā)證明困難的司法困境,抽樣取證規(guī)則為化解網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪海量證據(jù)取證困境提供了有益探索。然而抽樣取證在實(shí)踐中仍存在取證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不明晰、取證程序設(shè)計(jì)不足、取證范圍寬泛、被追訴人權(quán)利保障不健全等困境。對(duì)此,需要明確抽樣取證的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);程序設(shè)計(jì)上,需要從主體權(quán)限、審批程序、構(gòu)建類型化抽樣方法體系、非法抽樣證據(jù)排除角度進(jìn)行完善;同時(shí)需要對(duì)抽樣取證的案件范圍、證據(jù)范圍、程序范圍進(jìn)行必要限縮;最后需要從知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、異議權(quán)等角度加強(qiáng)被追訴人救濟(jì)權(quán)保障。
中圖分類號(hào):D925.2;D924.3文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2024.06.010
引用格式:劉宇浩.網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪抽樣取證的實(shí)踐困境與完善[J].網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理,2024,43(6):64-71.
The practical dilemma and improvement of cyber crime sampling and forensics
Liu Yuhao
Law School, People′s Public Security University of China
Abstract: In the age of information network, the massive evidence of cyber crime leads to the judicial dilemma of difficult proof. The rules of sampling forensics provide a beneficial exploration for resolving the dilemma of massive evidence of cyber crime. However, in the practice of sampling forensics, there are still some difficulties, such as unclear forensics standards, insufficient forensics program design, broad forensics scope, and imperfect protection of the rights of the accused. In this regard, it is necessary to clarify the standard of sampling evidence collection. In program design, it is necessary to improve the subject authority, examination and approval procedures, the construction of typed sampling method system, and the exclusion of illegal sampling evidence. At the same time, it is necessary to limit the scope of cases, the scope of evidence and the scope of procedures. Finally, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of the remedy right of the accused from the angles of the right to know, the right to participate and the right to dissent.
Key words : cyber crime; sampling evidence collection; proof method

引言

近年來,網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪案件數(shù)量在全部刑事案件總量中的占比呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)[1]。網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪已然成為我國(guó)主要犯罪類型之一,產(chǎn)生了海量證據(jù),然而司法資源又十分有限[2],對(duì)此,傳統(tǒng)直接完全收集與固定涉案全部證據(jù)的取證方式難以應(yīng)對(duì)數(shù)量上不斷滋生的網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪。抽樣取證是一種應(yīng)對(duì)取證難、證明難問題的有效手段。不同于“證據(jù)確實(shí)充分”的證明方式,刑事抽樣證明本質(zhì)上屬于概率推理,是一種數(shù)字化的信念表達(dá)與推論方法[3]。鑒于刑事抽樣取證作為新興事物,其概念界定尚未統(tǒng)一,本文贊同四川大學(xué)法學(xué)院萬毅教授的觀點(diǎn),即偵查人員通過科學(xué)方式,從數(shù)量較多的物品中抽取具有代表性的部分物品作為樣本證據(jù),據(jù)此證明所有物品性質(zhì)的證明方式[4]。簡(jiǎn)言之,抽樣取證兼具取證方式和證明方法的雙重屬性。然而實(shí)踐中各地抽樣取證的實(shí)踐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一,為統(tǒng)一抽樣取證的司法適用,最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部于2022年8月聯(lián)合出臺(tái)了《最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部關(guān)于辦理信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪案件適用刑事訴訟程序若干問題的意見》(法發(fā)〔2022〕23號(hào))(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪程序意見》),首次對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪抽樣取證進(jìn)行了規(guī)定。然而其規(guī)定的抽樣取證規(guī)則在網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪案件實(shí)踐適用時(shí),可操作性較弱,抽樣取證制度仍然有待完善。


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作者信息:

劉宇浩

(中國(guó)人民公安大學(xué)法學(xué)院,北京100038)


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