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title="光伏發(fā)電">光伏發(fā)電市場(chǎng)

● 提高光伏行業(yè)自主技術(shù)水平

● 加快電力體制改革，培育分布式光伏市場(chǎng)

經(jīng)過(guò)多年努力，我國(guó)已形成了較完整的太陽(yáng)能光伏制造產(chǎn)業(yè)體系，但技術(shù)與市場(chǎng)主要依賴(lài)國(guó)外的狀況并未有大的改變；受全球金融危機(jī)的影響，國(guó)際貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的抬頭，光伏產(chǎn)品主要依賴(lài)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的狀況難以持續(xù)。

如何推動(dòng)我國(guó)光伏行業(yè)走出困境，一要著力培育國(guó)內(nèi)光伏發(fā)電市場(chǎng)，建設(shè)立足國(guó)內(nèi)、面向全球的光伏制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和服務(wù)體系；二要加強(qiáng)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，進(jìn)一步提高光伏行業(yè)自主技術(shù)水平和裝備制造能力；三要加快電力體制改革，培育分布式光伏市場(chǎng)，最終形成立足國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)、服務(wù)全球市場(chǎng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的光伏行業(yè)體系。

光伏發(fā)電是最有前景的新能源發(fā)電技術(shù)

太陽(yáng)能是資源最豐富、分布最廣泛的可再生能源，具有取之不盡、用之不竭的特點(diǎn)。隨著全球能源需求的增加以及化石能源消費(fèi)帶來(lái)的資源枯竭和環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題的日益突出，太陽(yáng)能等可再生能源越來(lái)越受到全球的重視。

近年來(lái)，全球光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，成為新能源發(fā)展的最亮點(diǎn)，到2011年底，全球光伏發(fā)電裝機(jī)已達(dá)到6740萬(wàn)千瓦，特別是德國(guó)的太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電容量已達(dá)到2470萬(wàn)千瓦，光伏發(fā)電量已占到其總發(fā)電量的3%，為全球光伏發(fā)電發(fā)展起到了重要的示范作用。許多國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)研究認(rèn)為，太陽(yáng)能將是未來(lái)能源供應(yīng)的主體，預(yù)估到本世紀(jì)末，太陽(yáng)能將占到全部能源消費(fèi)的50%以上。

太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電具有十分明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。一是資源豐富，且不會(huì)枯竭，是可再生清潔能源。特別是光伏發(fā)電過(guò)程不耗水，光伏發(fā)電站建設(shè)不受水資源制約，可以在任何空閑土地上、特別是可以在沙漠土地上建設(shè)光伏發(fā)電站。二是光伏電池安裝建設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單，裝機(jī)規(guī)模靈活，運(yùn)行管理方便，既可以利用空曠場(chǎng)地進(jìn)行建設(shè)，也可以與建筑結(jié)合建設(shè)，幾乎不需要進(jìn)行運(yùn)行維護(hù)，開(kāi)發(fā)利用的潛力很大。三是光伏發(fā)電的出力特性與用電負(fù)荷特性相吻合，一般來(lái)講，光伏發(fā)電在太陽(yáng)光照最強(qiáng)的中午時(shí)段出力最大，而此時(shí)也正是用電的高峰時(shí)段，這可以有效減輕電力系統(tǒng)的調(diào)峰壓力，有利于優(yōu)化電力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行，節(jié)約不可再生的化石能源資源，實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)能減排目標(biāo)。

太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電是最具發(fā)展前景的新能源發(fā)電技術(shù)，今后幾十年會(huì)不斷地發(fā)展壯大，并最終成為人類(lèi)能源的主體。可以說(shuō)誰(shuí)真正掌握了光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)，誰(shuí)就會(huì)掌握未來(lái)能源發(fā)展主動(dòng)權(quán)。

我國(guó)光伏行業(yè)發(fā)展面臨多重困局

我國(guó)已是名副其實(shí)的光伏電池制造大國(guó)，但大多數(shù)光伏企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)困難，許多企業(yè)開(kāi)始虧損，整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的問(wèn)題極其嚴(yán)峻。

一是產(chǎn)能?chē)?yán)重過(guò)剩。全球來(lái)看，2011年全球電池產(chǎn)量已達(dá)到3300萬(wàn)千瓦，實(shí)際產(chǎn)能達(dá)到4500萬(wàn)千瓦，產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩率超過(guò)50%；從國(guó)內(nèi)情況來(lái)看，2011年我國(guó)光伏電池產(chǎn)能已經(jīng)達(dá)到3500萬(wàn)千瓦，已可以滿(mǎn)足全球光伏電池的安裝需要。

從目前全球經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r分析，今后幾年全球光伏發(fā)電市場(chǎng)會(huì)有所增長(zhǎng)，但增速不會(huì)太快，特別是全球主要的光伏發(fā)電市場(chǎng)歐洲近兩年可能會(huì)有較大回落，加之貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的抬頭，如美國(guó)對(duì)我國(guó)光伏產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行的“雙反”調(diào)查將影響我國(guó)光伏產(chǎn)品的出口，我國(guó)光伏產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩問(wèn)題將在未來(lái)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)存在。

二是產(chǎn)業(yè)過(guò)度依賴(lài)國(guó)外。我國(guó)太陽(yáng)能光伏行業(yè)曾是典型的“三頭在外”產(chǎn)業(yè)：一是光伏電池的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備主要從國(guó)外進(jìn)口；二是晶體硅材料主要從國(guó)外進(jìn)口；三是生產(chǎn)的光伏電池產(chǎn)品主要出口國(guó)外。近年來(lái)，在各方面的共同努力下，我國(guó)部分企業(yè)已基本掌握了多晶硅材料的生產(chǎn)工藝，多晶硅產(chǎn)量已滿(mǎn)足了我國(guó)50%光伏電池生產(chǎn)需要，光伏電池生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的國(guó)產(chǎn)化能力也迅速提高，“三頭在外”的狀況有所改變，但光伏電池產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)在外的狀況尚未改變，許多關(guān)鍵裝備和主要原輔材料的對(duì)外依賴(lài)度仍然很高。目前，我國(guó)光伏電池產(chǎn)品主要出口到歐美等光伏發(fā)電站建設(shè)較多的發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，出口量占到我國(guó)光伏電池生產(chǎn)量的90%以上，在當(dāng)前國(guó)際光伏發(fā)電市場(chǎng)增長(zhǎng)乏力和貿(mào)易保護(hù)加劇的情況下，我國(guó)光伏行業(yè)發(fā)展遇到了較大的困難。我國(guó)光伏電池生產(chǎn)所需的主要制造裝備——如薄膜電池生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)、高純多晶硅生產(chǎn)的氫化爐、四氯化硅閉環(huán)回收裝置、大尺寸鑄錠爐、多線(xiàn)切割機(jī)、PECVD鍍膜設(shè)備、自動(dòng)絲網(wǎng)印刷機(jī)、自動(dòng)電焊機(jī)等都主要依賴(lài)進(jìn)口。光伏電池生產(chǎn)所需要的主要原材料，如高純多晶硅、銀漿、EVA用高分子樹(shù)脂、切割液等的對(duì)外依賴(lài)度很高，如2010年和2011年高純多晶硅進(jìn)口數(shù)量分別為4.75萬(wàn)噸和6.48萬(wàn)噸。

三是與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平相比，我國(guó)大部分晶體硅生產(chǎn)工藝性能仍有差距，生產(chǎn)成本明顯偏高，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不強(qiáng)。比如，目前國(guó)際多晶硅市場(chǎng)價(jià)格已由2010年的每公斤50～90美元下降到20～30美元，降幅超過(guò)60%，而我國(guó)大部分多晶硅生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本均明顯高于這個(gè)價(jià)格，很難在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中生存。