1、前言
　　 勝利油田油氣集輸公司是勝利油田從事油氣集輸?shù)膶I(yè)化生產(chǎn)企業(yè)，主要擔負勝利油田原油外輸、天然氣生產(chǎn)集輸及輕烴生產(chǎn)任務。管理著9個氣田，187 口氣井，24座集配氣站，總長240公里的天然氣輸氣管道和220公里的輸油管道，8座大中型輸油站庫，2座壓氣站和3套輕烴回收裝置。所轄13個三級單位，具有點多、線長、面廣、易燃易爆、高溫高壓的特點。
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title="實時數(shù)據(jù)庫">實時數(shù)據(jù)庫" title="實時數(shù)據(jù)庫">實時數(shù)據(jù)庫" title="實時數(shù)據(jù)庫">實時數(shù)據(jù)庫" title="實時數(shù)據(jù)庫">實時數(shù)據(jù)庫" title="實時數(shù)據(jù)庫">實時數(shù)據(jù)庫" title="實時數(shù)據(jù)庫">實時數(shù)據(jù)庫" title="實時數(shù)據(jù)庫">實時數(shù)據(jù)庫" title="實時數(shù)據(jù)庫">實時數(shù)據(jù)庫" title="實時數(shù)據(jù)庫">實時數(shù)據(jù)庫" title="實時數(shù)據(jù)庫">實時數(shù)據(jù)庫pSpace。
　　
　　2、實時數(shù)據(jù)庫
　　 我公司大型輕烴裝置和設備已基本實現(xiàn)了自動化，共有DCS系統(tǒng)5套，plc系統(tǒng)2套。但是這些系統(tǒng)建設時間不一，軟件系統(tǒng)各異，接口各不相同，系統(tǒng)各自獨立，妨礙了信息共享利用。
　　 2001年，我們決定把東營壓氣站大型離心壓縮機組自動化系統(tǒng)橫河DCS CS1000聯(lián)入局域網(wǎng)，使用OPC方式通過VB、VC編程實現(xiàn)了在瀏覽器中實時監(jiān)控畫面及其歷史曲線。通過這次嘗試，我們感到自行編程方式來實現(xiàn)與工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)的互聯(lián)，達到從監(jiān)控、報警、自動報表計算等功能確實有一定難度并且通用性差，每套系統(tǒng)都照此開發(fā)一套，不僅價格高，而且隨著生產(chǎn)變動，系統(tǒng)也可能隨著相應改變，程序也需維護。總之，開發(fā)成本高、移植性差、擴展性差、維護成本高并且升級成本與日驟增。
　　 經(jīng)過對當前實時數(shù)據(jù)庫調研分析后，我們認為三維力控實時數(shù)據(jù)庫pSpace，不論從性能價格比還是軟件易用程度較符合我公司的情況。它具有極強數(shù)據(jù)處理能力的服務器，豐富的多數(shù)據(jù)采集接口、以及功能實用的數(shù)據(jù)查詢分析工具，以pSpace作為整個公司的實時數(shù)據(jù)庫，向下集成全公司的生產(chǎn)數(shù)據(jù)，橫向可關系統(tǒng)型數(shù)據(jù)庫（oracle）進行雙向數(shù)據(jù)交換，向上為各種生產(chǎn)管理應用系統(tǒng)提供平臺支持，起到了兩個層面之間的橋梁作用使生產(chǎn)過程控制系統(tǒng)和管理信息系統(tǒng)相結合，從監(jiān)測和考核原材料及水、電、汽、風的用量入手，減少能耗物耗；分析事故原因，可建立一套由幾個關鍵參數(shù)組成的關聯(lián)報警方案，以避免事故的再次發(fā)生；分析過去的工藝情況，可查找并消除生產(chǎn)運行瓶頸，優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)過程，提高生產(chǎn)運行效率；對比分析操作參數(shù)與運行質量的關系，可更好地將運行質量控制在最恰當?shù)姆秶?，最終實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)管控一體化。
　　
　　3、實時數(shù)據(jù)庫的設計
　　 油氣集輸公司下屬單位地理位置分布極為廣泛，是典型的點多、線長。為保證數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，在主要生產(chǎn)站場設一臺區(qū)域數(shù)據(jù)庫服務器，公司中心機房設一臺perspace實時數(shù)據(jù)庫服務器，負責實時數(shù)據(jù)的收集、整理和web發(fā)布。
　　3.1實時數(shù)據(jù)庫設計方案

　　3.2 工控內部網(wǎng)特點
　　 為保證網(wǎng)絡安全，設置力控本地數(shù)據(jù)庫的微機安裝兩塊網(wǎng)卡，一塊網(wǎng)卡與管理局的局域網(wǎng)相連接，一塊網(wǎng)卡與工控的操作站以內網(wǎng)方式連接，這臺起到網(wǎng)關作用的機器由各站維護人員及時負責升級防病毒軟件和給系統(tǒng)打補丁，把不安全因素控制在這一端，避免一些外部因素對操作站的直接沖擊，如果四級單位有多個不同自控系統(tǒng)操作站，維護工作主要集中在負責上傳數(shù)據(jù)的本地力控機，把住入口基本上控制了網(wǎng)絡病毒在內部網(wǎng)的侵蝕，并且內部其它機器可通過這臺力控間接從網(wǎng)絡上下載一些必要程序，方便了軟件的升級。
　　
　　3.3 實時數(shù)據(jù)庫采集設計方案
　　3.3.1當DCS具有OPC或DDE接口時，本地實時數(shù)據(jù)庫只需通過以太網(wǎng)就可以以遠程方式采集DCS數(shù)據(jù)。
　　3.3.2對于PLC，本地實時數(shù)據(jù)庫需要通過與PLC相匹配的通訊接口采集PLC數(shù)據(jù)。
　　3.3.3對于沒有開放接口的DCS，本地實時數(shù)據(jù)庫需要通過專用驅動程序通過相匹配的通訊網(wǎng)絡采集DCS數(shù)據(jù)。
　　3.3.4對于已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)采集的裝置，可以通過DDE、OPC、ODBC等方式將數(shù)據(jù)直接采集進入本地實時數(shù)據(jù)庫。
　　3.3.5 有些實時數(shù)據(jù)進行計算處理后，通過ODBC送到關系數(shù)據(jù)庫做更深層應用。
　　
　　4、實時數(shù)據(jù)庫在原油庫自動化改造中的應用
　　 2002年底，我們對東營油庫實施了全庫自動化改造。
　　4.1原油庫自動化改造情況簡介
　　 原油庫自動化改造是公司規(guī)模最大、采集點數(shù)最多的自動化項目，也公司輸油站庫一次大規(guī)模的自動化。因其內部崗位分散，在內部交換數(shù)據(jù)采用工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)，除各崗位有操作站外，并設有中心控制室，對整個原油進行全面監(jiān)控。
　　 改造實施內容：東營原油庫自動化改造以數(shù)據(jù)采集為重點，加上部分控制系統(tǒng)，此次實施包括六個重要崗位：流量計崗、罐區(qū)計量崗、泵房崗、加熱爐崗、鍋爐崗、外銷流量計。
　　根據(jù)情況實際情況，我們選用了德國西門子SIEMENS S7-400自動控制系統(tǒng)。全裝置共有6個控制室：4個現(xiàn)場控制室各設一個操作員站，用來監(jiān)控本崗位的工藝過程。中央控制室設1個操作員站和1個工程師站，操作員站可以監(jiān)控全裝置的工藝過程，工程師站除了可以編程組態(tài)外，也可以作為操作員站來使用。
　　 整個控制系統(tǒng)使用2套冗余的414H控制器，其中流量計崗和西流量計崗用1套控制器；計量崗和其他三個崗位共用1套控制器。各崗位的I/O信號模塊安裝在本地的控制柜中，它們和控制器之間通過PROFIBUS現(xiàn)場總線相連接。其系統(tǒng)結構圖如圖1所示：

　　 怎樣通過局域網(wǎng)，對現(xiàn)場過程、歷史曲線等應用遠程瀏覽是此次自動化改造面臨的新問題。西門子的組態(tài)軟件WINCC具有直接發(fā)布功能，現(xiàn)場施工的工程技術人員更傾向于使用WINCC自帶的WEB發(fā)布功能即從操作站上把現(xiàn)有組態(tài)畫面網(wǎng)上直接發(fā)布,他們認為不但所有組態(tài)可以原樣保留，不增加工作量，可通過權限來控制，但我們卻認為如果這樣實施首先帶來的安全問題不容忽視；其次是針對性不強，因網(wǎng)上瀏覽以管理技術人員為主，一些詳細的操作畫面完全沒有必要，如方便操作員的所有控制組畫面，本地發(fā)布，數(shù)據(jù)不統(tǒng)一存儲，將會造成全公司自控化系統(tǒng)發(fā)布不統(tǒng)一，不但難于管理，維護難度增加，而且更深層次的應用如優(yōu)化運行、故障分析等無法展開。力控實時數(shù)據(jù)庫pSpace解決方案的整體引入即建立原油庫本地二級實時數(shù)據(jù)存儲，公司建立一級實時數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)布、存儲中心。初始我們采用step7 opc server方式向pSpace傳送數(shù)據(jù)，使用一個階段后，我們改為采用通過在力控中配置I/O驅動中softnets7來直接從工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)上讀I/O設備，力控當作為成plc系統(tǒng)的一個的操作站，某些轉換用pSpace的腳本完全可實現(xiàn)，完全能夠更快更迅速地采集西門子 PLC的數(shù)據(jù)，同時實時地向設在公司的中心服務器傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。
　　 設在中控室的力控上傳局域網(wǎng)的監(jiān)控機器既在原油庫內部的工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)上，同時又在局域網(wǎng)上，完全起到網(wǎng)關的作用，它有選擇性進行組態(tài)顯示原油庫各采集點的重要參數(shù)，控制點沒有進行組態(tài)，從源頭上保證數(shù)據(jù)的安全性。原油庫西門子S7-400實時數(shù)據(jù)上傳局域網(wǎng)解決方案的成功實施，我公司全面實施自控系統(tǒng)遠程監(jiān)控開做了嘗試，它集成了大量的生產(chǎn)實時數(shù)據(jù)，打破了過去生產(chǎn)實時數(shù)據(jù)停留在各崗位的局限，實現(xiàn)了全公司生產(chǎn)實時數(shù)據(jù)的共享。有了它，生產(chǎn)調度可以及時全面了解生產(chǎn)情況，迅速處理種種突發(fā)事件。今后集輸公司現(xiàn)有各生產(chǎn)崗位的重要實時參數(shù)，可統(tǒng)一存儲和管理，并可保存幾年的歷史數(shù)據(jù)，通過對連續(xù)生產(chǎn)中存在著大量的實時數(shù)據(jù)處理、存儲和集成建立歷史數(shù)據(jù)曲線、報警查詢、異常報警、控制點監(jiān)視、事故追憶等應用。遠程監(jiān)測關鍵參數(shù)運行狀態(tài)，使生產(chǎn)的運行狀態(tài)保持平穩(wěn)，提高操作水平。
　　 中心實時庫建立所需的數(shù)據(jù)源，使用server、client應答與遠端區(qū)域數(shù)據(jù)庫進行交互。